hiwiki:IPA for Sanskrit

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Sanskrit has many complex phonological processes, called sandhi, that alter sounds due to the presence of neighboring sounds at morpheme or word boundaries. See Shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Consonants
IPA Nagari[१] IAST English equivalent
साँचा:square bracket openघोष द्वयोष्ठ्य स्पर्श|b]]साँचा:yesno b abash
bh abhor
साँचा:square bracket openअघोष तालव्य स्पर्श|c]]साँचा:yesno c catch
ch choose
साँचा:square bracket openvoiced dental plosive|d̪]]साँचा:yesno d ado
d̪ʱ dh adhere
साँचा:square bracket openvoiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]साँचा:yesno guard
ɖʱ ḍh guardhouse
साँचा:square bracket openvoiced velar plosive|ɡ]]साँचा:yesno g agate
ɡʱ gh pigheaded
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless glottal fricative|h]]साँचा:yesno head
साँचा:square bracket openvoiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]साँचा:yesno h ahead
साँचा:square bracket openpalatal approximant|j]]साँचा:yesno y yak
साँचा:square bracket openघोष तालव्य स्पर्श|ɟ]]साँचा:yesno j hedge
ɟʱ jh hedgehog
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless velar plosive|k]]साँचा:yesno k scan
kh can
साँचा:square bracket openalveolar lateral approximant|l]]साँचा:yesno l leaf
साँचा:square bracket openbilabial nasal|m]]साँचा:yesno m much [२]
साँचा:square bracket opendental nasal|n̪]]साँचा:yesno n not [२]
साँचा:square bracket openमूर्धन्य नासिक्य|ɳ]]साँचा:yesno burner [२]
साँचा:square bracket openतालव्य नासिक्य|ɲ]]साँचा:yesno ñ canyon [२]
साँचा:square bracket openकण्ठ्य नासिक्य|ŋ]]साँचा:yesno bank [२]
साँचा:square bracket openअघोष द्वयोष्ठ्य स्पर्श|p]]साँचा:yesno p span
ph pan
r r
s sue
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless retroflex sibilant|ʂ]]साँचा:yesno worship
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|ɕ]]साँचा:yesno ś shoe
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless dental plosive|t̪]]साँचा:yesno t stable
t̪ʰ th table
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]साँचा:yesno art
ʈʰ ṭh art-historian
साँचा:square bracket openlabiodental approximant|ʋ]]साँचा:yesno v between ‹w› and ‹v›
Vowels [२][३]
IPA Nagari[१] IAST English equivalent
साँचा:square bracket openmid-central vowel|ə]]साँचा:yesno अ, प a nut
ɑː आ, पा ā bra
साँचा:square bracket openclose-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]साँचा:yesno ए, पे e between yell and Yale
साँचा:square bracket openclose front unrounded vowel|i]]साँचा:yesno इ, पि i happy
साँचा:square bracket openclose front unrounded vowel|iː]]साँचा:yesno ई, पी ī feet
ऌ, पॢ Syllabic ‹l›: bottle
l̩ː ॡ, पॣ Long syllabic ‹l›
साँचा:square bracket openclose-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]साँचा:yesno ओ, पो o old
ऋ, पृ Syllabic ‹r›: better
r̩ː ॠ, पॄ Long syllabic ‹r›: bird
साँचा:square bracket openclose back rounded vowel|u]]साँचा:yesno उ, पु u look
साँचा:square bracket openclose back rounded vowel|uː]]साँचा:yesno ऊ, पू ū loot
əi ऐ, पै ai
əu औ, पौ au


Other symbols
IPA Nagari[१] IAST English equivalent
ɦ, x Visarga [४]
 ̃ nasal vowel ([ãː], [õː], etc.) [२]
ˈ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)

Notes

  1. In its time, Sanskrit was transmitted orally only. Traditionally, the various languages of India each used their local Brahmic script script for writing Sanskrit. In the past few centuries, Devanagari has come to be used as the default script for Sanskrit.
  2. Vowels may occur nasalized as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions. See anusvara, chandrabindu.
  3. Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /ai, aːi, au, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: /e, əi, o, əu/. Vowels may rarely occur extra-long.
  4. Zieba and Stiehl 2002, p. 1

References