The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
Sanskrit has many complex phonological processes, called sandhi, that alter sounds due to the presence of neighboring sounds at morpheme or word boundaries. See Shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.
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Vowels [२][३]
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IPA |
Nagari[१] |
IAST |
English equivalent
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साँचा:square bracket openmid-central vowel|ə]]साँचा:yesno
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अ, प |
a |
nut
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ɑː
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आ, पा |
ā |
bra
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साँचा:square bracket openclose-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]साँचा:yesno
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ए, पे |
e |
between yell and Yale
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साँचा:square bracket openclose front unrounded vowel|i]]साँचा:yesno
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इ, पि |
i |
happy
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साँचा:square bracket openclose front unrounded vowel|iː]]साँचा:yesno
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ई, पी |
ī |
feet
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l̩
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ऌ, पॢ |
ḷ |
Syllabic ‹l›: bottle
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l̩ː
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ॡ, पॣ |
ḹ |
Long syllabic ‹l›
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साँचा:square bracket openclose-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]साँचा:yesno
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ओ, पो |
o |
old
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r̩
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ऋ, पृ |
ṛ |
Syllabic ‹r›: better
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r̩ː
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ॠ, पॄ |
ṝ |
Long syllabic ‹r›: bird
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साँचा:square bracket openclose back rounded vowel|u]]साँचा:yesno
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उ, पु |
u |
look
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साँचा:square bracket openclose back rounded vowel|uː]]साँचा:yesno
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ऊ, पू |
ū |
loot
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əi
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ऐ, पै |
ai |
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əu
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औ, पौ |
au |
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Notes
- ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें: अ आ इ In its time, Sanskrit was transmitted orally only. Traditionally, the various languages of India each used their local Brahmic script script for writing Sanskrit. In the past few centuries, Devanagari has come to be used as the default script for Sanskrit.
- ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें: अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए Vowels may occur nasalized as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions. See anusvara, chandrabindu.
- ↑ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /ai, aːi, au, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: /e, əi, o, əu/. Vowels may rarely occur extra-long.
- ↑ Zieba and Stiehl 2002, p. 1
References