लिपियों की सूची
यह सम्पूर्ण पृष्ठ या इसके कुछ अनुभाग हिन्दी के अतिरिक्त अन्य भाषा(ओं) में भी लिखे गए हैं। आप इनका साँचा:edit करके विकिपीडिया की सहायता कर सकते हैं। |
यहाँ विश्व की 'लेखन पद्धतियों' या लिपियों की वर्गीकृत सूची दी गई है। यह वर्गीकरण लिपियों के किसी विशेष गुण के आधार पर किया गया है जो उनकोअन्य लिपियों से अलग करता है।
पहले लिपि का नाम दिया गया है, इसके बाद उस लिपि में लिखी जाने वाली भाषाओं के नाम कोष्टक में दिए गए हैं।
चित्रात्मक/भावचित्रात्मक लिपियाँ
- Aztecसाँचा:spaced ndash Nahuatlसाँचा:spaced ndash Although some proper nouns have phonetic components.[१]
- Mixtecसाँचा:spaced ndash Mixtec
- Dongbaसाँचा:spaced ndash Naxiसाँचा:spaced ndash Although this is often supplemented with syllabic Geba script.
- Ersu Shābā – Ersu
- Míkmaq hieroglyphic writingसाँचा:spaced ndash Míkmaqसाँचा:spaced ndash Does have phonetic components, however.
- Nsibidiसाँचा:spaced ndash Ekoi, Efik/Ibibio, Igbo
- Testerian – used for missionary work in Mexico
- Other Mesoamerican writing systems with the exception of Maya Hieroglyphs.
There are also symbol systems used to represent things other than language, or to represent constructed languages. Some of these are
- Blissymbols – A constructed ideographic script used primarily in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).
- iConji – A constructed ideographic script used primarily in social networking
- Isotype (picture language)
- Sona language
- A wide variety of notations
Linear B and Asemic writing also incorporate ideograms.
शब्द-चिह्न लेखनपद्धति
व्यंजन-आधारित शब्द-चिह्नात्मक लिपियाँ
- Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demoticसाँचा:spaced ndash writing systems of Ancient Egypt
अक्षरधारित शब्दचिह्नात्मक लिपियाँ
- Anatolian hieroglyphsसाँचा:spaced ndash Luwian
- Cuneiformसाँचा:spaced ndash Sumerian, Akkadian, other Semitic languages, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hurrian, and Urartian
- Chinese characters (Hanzi)साँचा:spaced ndash Chinese, Japanese (called Kanji), Korean (called Hanja), Vietnamese (called Han tu, obsolete)
- Jurchen scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Jurchen
- Khitan large scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Khitan
- Tangut scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Tangut
- Zhuang scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Zhuang
- Chữ Nômसाँचा:spaced ndash Vietnamese (for vernacular Vietnamese, now obsolete)
- Eghap (or Bagam) script
- Mayanसाँचा:spaced ndash Chorti, Yucatec, and other Classic Maya languages
- Yi (classical)साँचा:spaced ndash various Yi/Lolo languages
- Shui scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Shui language
अक्षरात्मक
In a syllabary, graphemes represent syllables or moras. (Note that the 19th century term syllabics usually referred to abugidas rather than true syllabaries.)
- Afakaसाँचा:spaced ndash Ndyuka
- Alaska scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Central Yup'ik
- Cherokeeसाँचा:spaced ndash Cherokee
- Cypriotसाँचा:spaced ndash Mycenean Greek
- Gebaसाँचा:spaced ndash Naxi
- Kanaसाँचा:spaced ndash Japanese**Hiraganaसाँचा:spaced ndash
- Kikakui – Mende
- Kpelleसाँचा:spaced ndash Kpelle
- Linear Bसाँचा:spaced ndash Mycenean Greek
- Nü Shuसाँचा:spaced ndash Chinese
- Vaiसाँचा:spaced ndash Vai
- Woleaianसाँचा:spaced ndash Woleaian (a likely syllabary)
- Yi (modern)साँचा:spaced ndash various Yi/Lolo languages
अर्ध-अक्षरात्मक लिपियाँ (अंशतः अक्षरात्मक तथा अंशतः वर्णात्मक
- Old Persian Cuneiformसाँचा:spaced ndash Old Persian
- Zhuyin fuhaoसाँचा:spaced ndash phonetic script for Chinese languages, and principal script for several Formosan languages.
- Eskayanसाँचा:spaced ndash Bohol, Philippines (a syllabary apparently based on an alphabet; some alphabetic characteristics remain)
- Bamum scriptसाँचा:spaced ndashBamum (a defective syllabary, with alphabetic principles used to fill the gaps)
खण्डयुक्त लिपियाँ
अबजाद (Abjads)
An abjad is a segmental script containing symbols for consonants only, or where vowels are optionally written with diacritics ("pointing") or only written word-initially.
- Aramaic
- Arabicसाँचा:spaced ndash Arabic, Azeri, Punjabi, Baluchi, Kashmiri, Pashto, Persian, Kurdish (vowels obligatory), Sindhi, Uighur (vowels obligatory), Urdu, and the languages of many other peoples of the Near East
- Hebrew Square Scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Hebrew, Yiddish, and other Jewish languages
- Jawi – Arabic, Malay
- Manichaean script
- Nabataeanसाँचा:spaced ndash the Nabataeans of Petra
- Pahlavi scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Middle Persian
- Phoenicianसाँचा:spaced ndash Phoenician and other Canaanite languages
- Proto-Canaanite
- Sabaean
- South Arabianसाँचा:spaced ndash Sabaic, Qatabanic, Himyaritic, and Hadhramautic
- Sogdian
- Samaritan (Old Hebrew)साँचा:spaced ndash Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew
- Syriacसाँचा:spaced ndash Syriac
- Tifinaghसाँचा:spaced ndash Tuareg
- Ugariticसाँचा:spaced ndash Ugaritic, Hurrian
शुद्ध वर्णात्मक लिपियाँ
A true alphabet contains separate letters (not diacritic marks) for both consonants and vowels.
रैखिक गैरलक्षणात्मक वर्ण लिपियाँ
Linear alphabets are composed of lines on a surface, such as ink on paper.
- Uyghur Arabic alphabet (Uyghur Ereb Yéziqi)साँचा:spaced ndash Avestan
- Armenianसाँचा:spaced ndash Armenian
- Avestan alphabetसाँचा:spaced ndash Avestan
- Beitha Kukjuसाँचा:spaced ndash Albanian
- Boramaसाँचा:spaced ndash Somali
- Caucasian Albanian alphabetसाँचा:spaced ndash Old Udi language
- Copticसाँचा:spaced ndash Egyptian
- Cyrillicसाँचा:spaced ndash Eastern Slavic languages (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian), eastern South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian), the other languages of Russia, Kazakh language, Kyrgyz language, Tajik language, Mongolian language. Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are changing to the Latin alphabet but still have considerable use of Cyrillic. See Languages using Cyrillic.
- Eclectic Shorthand
- Elbasanसाँचा:spaced ndash Albanian
- Fraserसाँचा:spaced ndash Lisu
- Gabelsberger shorthand
- Georgianसाँचा:spaced ndash Georgian and other Kartvelian languages
- Glagoliticसाँचा:spaced ndash Old Church Slavonic
- Gothicसाँचा:spaced ndash Gothic
- Greekसाँचा:spaced ndash Greek
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- Kaddareसाँचा:spaced ndash Somali
- [[Latin script|Latin साँचा:sc Roman]]साँचा:spaced ndash originally Latin language; most current western and central European languages, Turkic languages, sub-Saharan African languages, indigenous languages of the Americas, languages of maritime Southeast Asia and languages of Oceania use developments of it. Languages using a non-Latin writing system are generally also equipped with Romanization for transliteration or secondary use.
- Manchuसाँचा:spaced ndash Manchu
- Mandaicसाँचा:spaced ndash Mandaic dialect of Aramaic
- Mongolianसाँचा:spaced ndash Mongolian
- Neo-Tifinaghसाँचा:spaced ndash Tamazight
- N'Koसाँचा:spaced ndash Maninka language, Bambara, Dyula language
- Ogham (Irish pronunciation: [oːm])साँचा:spaced ndash Gaelic, Britannic, Pictish
- Old Hungarian (in Hungarian magyar rovásírás or székely-magyar rovásírás)साँचा:spaced ndash Hungarian
- Old Italicसाँचा:spaced ndash a family of connected alphabets for the Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Messapian, South Picene, Raetic, Venetic, Lepontic, Camunic languages
- Old Permic (also called Abur)साँचा:spaced ndash Komi
- Old Turkicसाँचा:spaced ndash Turkic
- Old Uyghur alphabetसाँचा:spaced ndash Uyghur
- Osmanyaसाँचा:spaced ndash Somali
- Runic alphabetसाँचा:spaced ndash Germanic languages
- Ol Cemet'साँचा:spaced ndash Santali
- Tai Lueसाँचा:spaced ndash Lue
- Vah साँचा:spaced ndash Bassa
- Zaghawa साँचा:spaced ndash Zaghawa
लक्षणात्मक रैखिक वर्णात्मक लिपियाँ (Featural linear alphabets)
A featural script has elements that indicate the components of articulation, such as bilabial consonants, fricatives, or back vowels. Scripts differ in how many features they indicate.
- Gregg Shorthand
- Hangulसाँचा:spaced ndash Korean
- Shavian alphabet
- Tengwar (a fictional script)
- Visible Speech (a phonetic script)
- Stokoe notation for American Sign Language
- SignWriting for sign languages
दिग्दर्शी वर्णात्मक (Manual alphabets)
Manual alphabets are frequently found as parts of sign languages. They are not used for writing per se, but for spelling out words while signing.
- American manual alphabet (used with slight modification in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Paraguay, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand)
- British manual alphabet (used in some of the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Australia and New Zealand)
- Catalonian manual alphabet
- Chilean manual alphabet
- Chinese manual alphabet
- Dutch manual alphabet
- Ethiopian manual alphabet (an abugida)
- French manual alphabet
- Greek manual alphabet
- Icelandic manual alphabet (also used in Denmark)
- Indian manual alphabet (a true alphabet?; used in Devanagari and Gujarati areas)
- International manual alphabet (used in Germany, Austria, Norway, Finland)
- Iranian manual alphabet (an abjad; also used in Egypt)
- Israeli manual alphabet (an abjad)
- Italian manual alphabet
- Korean manual alphabet
- Latin American manual alphabets
- Polish manual alphabet
- Portuguese manual alphabet
- Romanian manual alphabet
- Russian manual alphabet (also used in Bulgaria and ex-Soviet states)
- Spanish manual alphabet (Madrid)
- Swedish manual alphabet
- Yugoslav manual alphabet
अन्य अरैखिक वर्ण (Other non-linear alphabets)
These are other alphabets composed of something other than lines on a surface.
- Braille (Unified)साँचा:spaced ndash an embossed alphabet for the visually impaired, used with some extra letters to transcribe the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets, as well as Chinese
- Braille (Korean)
- Braille (American) (defunct)
- New York Pointसाँचा:spaced ndash a defunct alternative to Braille
- International maritime signal flags (both alphabetic and ideographic)
- Morse code (International)साँचा:spaced ndash a trinary code of dashes, dots, and silence, whether transmitted by electricity, light, or sound) representing characters in the Latin alphabet.
- American Morse code (defunct)
- Optical telegraphy (defunct)
- Flag semaphoreसाँचा:spaced ndash (made by moving hand-held flags)
आबूगीदा (Abugidas)
इन्हें वर्णाक्षरी (अल्फासिलैबरी) भी कहते हैं। ये 'खण्डात्मक' (segmental) लिपियाँ है जिनमें स्वर चिह्नों को दर्शाने के लिए व्यंजन पर कोई डायाक्रिटिकल चिह्न लगाया जाता है या कोई अन्य परिवर्तन/परिवर्धन कर दिया जाता है। भारत तथा दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया की प्रायः सभी लिपियाँ इसी श्रेणी में आती हैं। ये सभी ऐतिहासिक रूप से ब्राह्मी परिवार की हैं।
ब्राह्मी परिवार की आबूगीदा लिपियाँ
- Anga Scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Angika
- Ahom
- Assameseसाँचा:spaced ndash Assamese/Assamiya/Ôxômiya
- ब्राह्मी लिपिसाँचा:spaced ndash प्रकृत, संस्कृत
- Balinese
- Batakसाँचा:spaced ndash Toba and other Batak languages
- Baybayinसाँचा:spaced ndash Ilokano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Bikol languages, Visayan languages, and possibly other Philippine languages
- बांग्ला लिपिसाँचा:spaced ndash बांग्ला भाषा, मैथिली भाषा
- Buhid
- Burmeseसाँचा:spaced ndash Burmese, Karen languages, Mon, and Shan
- Cham
- Dehongसाँचा:spaced ndash Dehong Dai
- देवनागरीसाँचा:spaced ndash हिन्दी, सम्स्कृत, मराठी, नेपाली, तथा उत्तरी भारत एवं नेपाल की अनेकों भाषाएँ
- Gujarātiसाँचा:spaced ndash Gujarāti, Kachchi
- Gurmukhi scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Punjabi
- Hanuno’o
- Javanese
- Kagangaसाँचा:spaced ndash Rejang
- Kaithi
- Kannadaसाँचा:spaced ndash Kannada, Tulu
- Kawi
- Khmer
- Lao
- Limbu
- Lontara’साँचा:spaced ndash Buginese, Makassar, and Mandar
- Malayalam
- Mithilākshara {syn. Vaidehī lipi / Tirahutā / Tirhutā } Used to write Maithili
- Modiसाँचा:spaced ndash Marathi
- Nepalसाँचा:spaced ndash Nepal Bhasa, Sanskrit
- Oriya
- Phags-paसाँचा:spaced ndash Mongolian, Chinese, and other languages of the Yuan Dynasty Mongol Empire
- Ranjanaसाँचा:spaced ndash Nepal Bhasa, Sanskrit
- Śāradā
- Siddham used to write Sanskrit
- Sinhala
- Sourashtra
- Soyombo
- Sundanese
- Syloti Nagri – Sylheti
- Tagbanwaसाँचा:spaced ndash Languages of Palawan
- Tai Dam
- Tai Thamसाँचा:spaced ndash Khün, and Northern Thai
- Tamil
- Telugu
- Thai
- Tibetan
- Tirahutā / Tirhutā {syn. Vaidehī lipi / Mithilākshara } used to write Maithili
- Tocharian
- Varang Kshitiसाँचा:spaced ndash Ho
अन्य आबूगीदा लिपियाँ
- Canadian Aboriginal syllabicsसाँचा:spaced ndash Cree syllabics (for Cree), Inuktitut syllabics (for Inuktitut), and other variants for Ojibwe, Carrier, Blackfoot, and other languages of Canada
- Ethiopicसाँचा:spaced ndash Amharic, Ge’ez, Oromo, Tigrigna
- Kharoṣṭhīसाँचा:spaced ndash Gandhari, Sanskrit
- Mandombe
- Meroiticसाँचा:spaced ndash Meroë
- Pitman Shorthand
- Pollard scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Miao
- Sorang Sompengसाँचा:spaced ndash Sora
- Thaanaसाँचा:spaced ndash Dhivehi
- Thomas Natural Shorthand
अन्तिम व्यंजन-डायाक्रिटिक अबुगिडा (Final consonant-diacritic abugidas)
स्वरधारित आबूगीदा लिपियाँ (Vowel-based abugidas)
- Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand
- Japanese Brailleसाँचा:spaced ndash Japanese
- Pahawh Hmongसाँचा:spaced ndash Hmong
लिपियाँ जिन्हें अभी तक समझा नहीं जा सका है।
- Byblos syllabaryसाँचा:spaced ndash the city of Byblos
- Isthmian (apparently logosyllabic)
- Indusसाँचा:spaced ndash Indus Valley Civilization
- Quipuसाँचा:spaced ndash Inca Empire (probably numerical only)
- Khitan small scriptसाँचा:spaced ndash Khitan
- Cretan hieroglyphs
- Linear A (a syllabary)साँचा:spaced ndash Minoan
- Mixtecसाँचा:spaced ndash Mixtec (perhaps pictographic)
- Olmecसाँचा:spaced ndash Olmec civilization (possibly the oldest Mesoamerican script)
- Phaistos Disc (a unique text, very possibly not writing)
- Proto-Elamiteसाँचा:spaced ndash Elam (nearly as old as Sumerian)
- Rongorongoसाँचा:spaced ndash Rapa Nui (perhaps a syllabary)
- Proto-Sinaitic (likely an abjad)
- Zapotecसाँचा:spaced ndash Zapotec (another old Mesoamerican script)
- Banpo symbols साँचा:spaced ndash Yangshao culture (perhaps proto-writing)
- Jiahu symbols साँचा:spaced ndash Peiligang culture (perhaps proto-writing)
पाण्डुलियाँ जिन्हें अभी तक समझा नहीं गया है
अन्य
Asemic writing is generally meaningless, though it sometimes contains ideograms or pictograms.
ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला वाली लियियाँ (Phonetic alphabets)
This section lists alphabets used to transcribe phonetic or phonemic sound; not to be confused with spelling alphabets like the ICAO spelling alphabet.
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- Deseret alphabet
- Unifon
- Americanist phonetic notation
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
- Shavian alphabet
विशिष्ट वर्णमालाएँ
Alphabets may exist in forms other than visible symbols on a surface. Some of these are:
Tactile alphabets
Manual alphabets
For example:
Long-Distance Signaling
Alternative alphabets
Fictional writing systems
- Ath (alphabet)
- Aurebesh
- Cirth
- D'ni
- Goa'uld
- Hymmnos
- Klingon
- On Beyond Zebra!
- Quenya
- Sarati
- Sindarin
- Tengwar
- Unown
पशुओं द्वारा उपयोग के लिए
- युर्किश (Yurkish) लिपि मानवेतर प्राइमेट्स के साथ 'बातचीत' करने के लिए लेक्सिग्रामों (lexigrams) का प्रयोग करती है।
बाहरी कड़ियाँ
- Omniglot: a guide to writing systems
- Ancient Scripts: Home:(Site with some introduction to different writing systems and group them into origins/types/families/regions/timeline/A to Z)