hiwiki:IPA for Sanskrit का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Sanskrit]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Sanskrit has many complex phonological processes, called [[sandhi]], that alter sounds due to the presence of neighboring sounds at [[morpheme]] or word boundaries.  See [[Shiksha]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" | 
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! IPA !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="script">In its time, Sanskrit was transmitted orally only.  Traditionally, the various languages of India each used their local [[Brahmic family of scripts|Brahmic script]] script for writing Sanskrit.  In the past few centuries, [[Devanagari]] has come to be used as the default script for Sanskrit.</ref> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] !! English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| ब || b ||  align="left"| a'''b'''ash
|-
|<big> {{IPA|bʱ}}</big>
| भ || bh ||  align="left"| a'''bh'''or
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|c}}</big>
| च || c || align="left"| ca'''tch'''
|-
|<big> {{IPA|cʰ}}</big>
| छ || ch || align="left"| '''ch'''oose
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|d̪}}</big>
| द || d ||  align="left"| a'''d'''o
|-
|<big> {{IPA|d̪ʱ}}</big>
| ध || dh ||  align="left"| a'''dh'''ere 
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɖ}}</big>
| ड || ḍ ||  align="left"|  gua'''rd'''
|-
|<big> {{IPA|ɖʱ}}</big>
| ढ || ḍh ||  align="left"| gua'''rdh'''ouse
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| ग || g ||  align="left"| a'''g'''ate
|-
|<big> {{IPA|ɡʱ}}</big>
| घ || gh ||  align="left"| pi'''gh'''eaded
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
| ः || ḥ ||  align="left"| '''h'''ead
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɦ}}</big>
| ह || h || align="left"| a'''h'''ead
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| य || y ||  align="left"| '''y'''ak
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɟ}}</big>
| ज || j ||  align="left"| he'''dg'''e
|-
|<big> {{IPA|ɟʱ}}</big>
| झ || jh ||  align="left"| he'''dgeh'''og
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| क || k ||  align="left"| s'''c'''an
|-
|<big> {{IPA|kʰ}}</big>
| ख || kh ||  align="left"| '''c'''an
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| ल || l ||  align="left"| '''l'''eaf
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| म || m ||  align="left"| '''m'''uch <ref name="nasal"/>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|n̪}}</big>
| न || n ||  align="left"| '''n'''ot <ref name="nasal"/>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɳ}}</big>
| ण || ṇ || align="left"| bu'''rn'''er <ref name="nasal"/>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
| ञ || ñ || align="left"| ca'''ny'''on <ref name="nasal"/>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| ङ || ṅ || align="left"| ba'''n'''k <ref name="nasal"/>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| प || p || align="left"| s'''p'''an
|-
|<big> {{IPA|pʰ}}</big>
| फ || ph || align="left"| '''p'''an
|-
|<big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
| र || r || align="left"| <!--[[Alveolar trill]], [[alveolar approximant]], or [[retroflex approximant]]?-->
|-
|<big>{{IPA|s̪}}</big>
| स || s || align="left"| '''s'''ue
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʂ}}</big>
| ष || ṣ || align="left"| wo'''rsh'''ip
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɕ}}</big>
| श || ś || align="left"| '''sh'''oe
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|t̪}}</big>
| त || t || align="left"| s'''t'''able
|-
|<big> {{IPA|t̪ʰ}}</big>
| थ || th || align="left"| '''t'''able
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʈ}}</big>
| ट || ṭ || align="left"| a'''rt'''
|-
|<big> ʈʰ</big>
| ठ || ṭh || align="left"| a'''rt-h'''istorian
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʋ}}</big>
| व || v || align="left"| ''between ''‹w›'' and ''‹v›
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" 
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s <ref name="nasal">Vowels may occur [[nasal vowel|nasalized]] as an [[allophone]] of the [[nasal consonant]]s in certain positions. See [[anusvara]], [[chandrabindu]].</ref><ref>Sanskrit distinguishes between [[Vowel length|long and short vowels]].  Each [[monophthong]] has a long and short phoneme.  The [[diphthong]]s, historically {{IPA|/ai, aːi, au, aːu/}}, also have a difference in [[vowel quality|quality]]: {{IPA|/e, əi, o, əu/}}.  Vowels may rarely occur [[pluti|extra-long]].</ref>
|-
! IPA !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="script"/> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] !! English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ə<!--Could also be /ɐ/-->}}</big>
| अ, प || a ||  align="left"| n'''u'''t
|-
|<big> {{IPA|ɑː<!--Could also be /ɐː, aː, əː/-->}}</big>
| आ, पा || ā ||  align="left"| br'''a'''
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|eː}}</big>
| ए, पे || e ||  align="left"| ''between ''y'''e'''ll'' and ''Y'''a'''le
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| इ, पि || i ||  align="left"| happ'''y'''
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|iː}}</big>
| ई, पी || ī ||  align="left"| f'''ee'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPA|l̩}}</big>
| ऌ, पॢ || ḷ || align="left"| ''[[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]]'' ‹l›: bott'''le'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA|l̩ː}}</big>
| ॡ, पॣ || ḹ || align="left"| ''Long [[Syllabic consonant|syllabic]]'' ‹l›
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|oː}}</big>
| ओ, पो || o ||  align="left"| '''o'''ld
|-
|<big>{{IPA|r̩<!--Could also be /ɻ̩, ɹ̩/-->}}</big>
| ऋ, पृ || ṛ || align="left"| ''[[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]]'' ‹r›: bett'''er'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA|r̩ː<!--Could also be /ɻ̩ː, ɹ̩ː/-->}}</big>
| ॠ, पॄ || ṝ || align="left"| ''Long [[syllabic consonant|syllabic]]'' ‹r›: b'''ir'''d
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| उ, पु || u || align="left"| l'''oo'''k
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|uː}}</big>
| ऊ, पू || ū || align="left"| l'''oo'''t
|-
|<big> {{IPA|əi}}</big>
| ऐ, पै || ai || align="left"| 
|-
|<big>{{IPA|əu}}</big>
| औ, पौ || au || align="left"| 
|}
<br>
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" 
! colspan="4"| Other symbols
|-
! IPA !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="script"/> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] !! English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɦ}}, {{IPA|x}}</big>
| ः || ḥ || align="left"| [[Visarga]] <ref>Zieba and Stiehl 2002, p. 1</ref>
|-
|<big> &nbsp;̃</big>
| ँ || ṃ || align="left"| [[nasal vowel]] ([ãː], [õː], etc.) <ref name="nasal"/>
|-
|<big> ˈ</big>
|
|
| colspan=2 align="left"| stress <br>(placed before stressed syllable)
|}
|}

==Notes==
<references/> 

==References==
* {{cite web | publisher=Ulrich Stiehl | first1=Maciej | last1=Zieba | first2=Ulrich | last2=Stiehl | title=The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit | url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf | accessdate=27 सितंबर 2011 | date=9 जून 2002}}

[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Sanskrit]]