hiwiki:IPA for Irish

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साँचा:shortcut

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Irish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Irish phonology for detailed discussion of the phonology of Irish.

Consonants
broad[१] slender[२] English approximations
IPA Example IPA Example
bˠ bain, scuab bʲ béal, cnáib boot; beautiful
d̪ˠ dorn, nead dʲ dearg, cuid do (but dental), though in Hiberno-English; dew
fˠ fós, graf
pholl 		fʲ fíon, stuif
phríosún 		fool; fuel
साँचा:square bracket openvoiced velar plosive|ɡ]]साँचा:yesno gasúr, bog साँचा:square bracket openघोष तालव्य स्पर्श|ɟ]]साँचा:yesno geata, carraig goose; argue
साँचा:square bracket openvoiced velar fricative|ɣ]]साँचा:yesno dhorn
ghasúr 		साँचा:square bracket openpalatal approximant|j]]साँचा:yesno dhearg
gheata 		(no equivalent); yellow
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless glottal fricative|h]]साँचा:yesno[३] Shasana, shean
thaisce, theanga
hata, na héisc 		hand
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless velar plosive|k]]साँचा:yesno cáis, mac साँचा:square bracket openअघोष तालव्य स्पर्श|c]]साँचा:yesno ceist, mic coot; cute
l̪ˠ[४] labhair, balla l̠ʲ[४] leabhair, goilleadh filth; mulch
lˠ[४] fhlaith, bealach lʲ[४] fhleasc, goile pool; leaf
mˠ mór, am mʲ milis, im moot; mute
n̪ˠ[५] naoi, donna n̠ʲ[५] ní, bainne tenth; inch
nˠ[५] dona nʲ[५] bainis noon; new
साँचा:square bracket openकण्ठ्य नासिक्य|ŋ]]साँचा:yesno ngasúr साँचा:square bracket openतालव्य नासिक्य|ɲ]]साँचा:yesno ngeata long; angular
pˠ poll, stop pʲ príosún, truip poor; pure
ɾˠ rí, cuairt, barr, cairr ɾʲ fhréamh, tirim rule (but tapped); real (but tapped)
sˠ Sasana, tús, speal ʃ sean, cáis soon; sheet
t̪ˠ taisce, ceart tʲ tír, beirt tool (but dental), thorn in Hiberno-English; tune
साँचा:square bracket openvoiced labio-velar approximant|w]]साँचा:yesno[६] bhain, dubh
mhór, léamh
vóta 		vʲ bhéal, sibh
mhilis, nimh
veidhlín 		woo; view
साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless velar fricative|x]]साँचा:yesno cháis, taoiseach साँचा:square bracket openvoiceless palatal fricative|ç]]साँचा:yesno cheist, deich loch (Scottish English); hue (pronounced strongly)
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
साँचा:square bracket openopen front unrounded vowel|a]]साँचा:yesno mac trap
aː tá llama
साँचा:square bracket openopen-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]साँचा:yesno ceist best
eː mé, Gael pay
साँचा:square bracket opennear-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]साँचा:yesno ith, duine kit
iː mín mean
साँचा:square bracket openopen-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]साँचा:yesno olc, deoch cloth
oː bó, ceol roll
साँचा:square bracket opennear-close near-back vowel|ʊ]]साँचा:yesno dubh, fliuch good
uː tú too
साँचा:square bracket openmid-central vowel|ə]]साँचा:yesno solas, milis sofa
iə bia fear (non-rhotic accent)
uə fuar tour (non-rhotic accent)
əi saghas light
əu leabhar about
Supersegmentals
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable);
usually the first syllable except in Munster
ˌ Secondary stress (usually found only in compounds)

Comparison to other phonetic transcription schemes

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. For example, it is a longstanding tradition to leave velarized ("broad") consonants unmarked and mark palatalized ("slender") consonants with the prime, although this is not standard IPA usage.

This section compares the IPA system used at Wikipedia (which is based on that used by Ailbhe Ní Chasaide in her description of Irish in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, ISBN 0-521-63751-1) with the system used in some other works.

IPA Ní Chasaide (1999)[७]
(Gweedore) 		Quiggin (1906)[८]
(Glenties) 		Breatnach (1947)[९]
(Ring) 		Ó Sé (2000)[१०]
(Dingle Peninsula) 		Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[११]
(Erris) 		Ó Siadhail (1988)[१२]
(Cois Fhairrge) 		Foclóir Póca (1993)[१३]
(Lárchanúint)
a a æ, α a a a æ:, a: a
aː æ α: a: ɑː a: ɑ: a:
bˠ bˠ b b b b b b
bʲ bʲ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′
c c k′ k′ k′ k′ k′ k′
ç ç ç ç x′ ç x′ x′
d̪ˠ d̪ˠ d d d d d d
dʲ d̠ʲ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′
eː e e: e: eː e: e: e:
ɛ ɛ ɛ, e e e e e e
ə ə ə ə ə, ɪ ə ə ə
əi — αi əi ai əi ai ai
əu au αu əu ou əu au au
fˠ fˠ f f f f f f
fʲ fʲ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′
ɡ ɡ g g ɡ g g g
ɣ ɣ ℊ γ ɣ ɣ ɣ γ
h h h h, h′ h h h h
iː i i: i: iː i: i: i:
ɪ ɪ ï, i, y i i i i i
iə ia iə iə iːə iə i:ə iə
j j j j ɣ′ j ɣ′ γ′
ɟ ɟ g′ g′ ɡ′ g′ g′ g′
k k k k k k k k
l̪ˠ l̪ˠ L l l L L l
lˠ l l
l̠ʲ l̠ʲ L′ l′ l′ L′ L′ l′
lʲ l l′ l′ l′
mˠ mˠ m m m m m m
mʲ mʲ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′
n̪ˠ n̪ˠ N n n N N n
nˠ n n n
n̠ʲ n̠ʲ N′ n′ n′ N′ N′ n′
nʲ n′ n′ n′
ɲ ɲ ɲ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′
ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
oː o o:, ɔ: o: oː o: o: o:
ɔ ʌ ɔ, o̤ o o o o o
pˠ pˠ p p p p p p
pʲ pʲ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′
ɾˠ ɾˠ r, R r r r r r
ɾʲ ɾʲ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′
sˠ sˠ s s s s s s
ʃ ɕ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ s′ s′
t̪ˠ t̪ˠ t t t t t
tʲ t̠ʲ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′
uː u u: u: uː u: u: u:
ʊ ɤ U u u u u u
uə ua uə uə uːə uə u:ə uə
vʲ vʲ v v′ v′ v′ w′ v′
w w w v v w w v
x x χ x x x x x

Notes

  1. ↑ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, but not in Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.
  2. ↑ "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
  3. ↑ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
  4. ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें: अ आ इ ई Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "l" sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as /l̪ˠ/, and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as /lʲ/. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as /l/.
  5. ↑ इस तक ऊपर जायें: अ आ इ ई Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "n" sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
  6. ↑ Also /vˠ/ in some positions in some dialects.
  7. ↑ साँचा:cite book
  8. ↑ साँचा:cite book
  9. ↑ साँचा:cite book
  10. ↑ साँचा:cite book
  11. ↑ साँचा:cite book
  12. ↑ साँचा:cite book
  13. ↑ साँचा:cite book
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