रूनी लिपि

रूनी;
प्रकार	वर्णाक्षर
भाषाएँ	जर्मैनी भाषाएँ
समय अवधि	2 शताब्दी ई॰ से ऍल्डर फ़ुथ़ार्क
जनक प्रणाली	फ़ोनीशियाई पुरानी इटैलिक रूनी; ;
बाल प्रणालियाँ	यंगर फ़ुथ़ार्क, ऐंग्लो-सैक्सन फ़ुथ़ार्क
आईएसओ 15924	Runr, 211
दिशा	बाएँ-से-दाएँ
यूनिकोड एलियास	Runic
यूनिकोड रेंज	U+16A0–U+16FF
	नोट: इस पृष्ठ पर आइपीए ध्वन्यात्मक प्रतीक हो सकते हैं।

डेनमार्क के राष्ट्रीय संग्रहालय में रखी विमोस कंघी (Vimose Comb) 160 ई के आसपास बनी थी और उसपर सबसे पुरानी ज्ञात रूनी लिखाई हैं

रूनी वर्णमालाएँ (अंग्रेज़ी: Runic alphabets, रूनिक ऐल्फ़ाबॅट्स) प्राचीनकालीन यूरोप में कुछ जर्मैनी भाषाओं के लिए इस्तेमाल होने वाली वर्णमालाओं को कहा जाता था जो 'रून' (rune) नामक अक्षर प्रयोग करती थीं।^[१]^[२] समय के साथ जैसे-जैसे यूरोप में ईसाईकरण हुआ और लातिनी भाषा धार्मिक भाषा बन गई तो इन भाषाओं ने रोमन लिपि को अपना लिया और रूनी लिपियों का प्रयोग घटता गया।^[३] स्कैंडिनेविया में इस्तेमाल होने वाली रूनी लिपियों को फ़ुथ़ार्क (futhark या fuþark) कहा जाता था क्योंकि इनके पहले छह अक्षरों की ध्वनियाँ 'फ़' (F), 'उ' (U), 'थ़' (Þ), 'अ' (A), 'र' (R) और 'क' (K) थीं।^[४] इसमें 'थ़' कि ध्वनि पर ध्यान दें क्योंकि यह बिना बिंदु वाले 'थ' से ज़रा अलग है। पुरानी अंग्रेज़ी में कुछ ध्वनियाँ बदल जाने से इन वर्णमालाओं को फ़ुथ़ोर्क (futhorc या fuþorc) कहा जाता था।^[५]

सबसे प्राचीन रूनी लिखाईयाँ सन् 150 ईसवी के आसपास शिलाओं और अन्य वस्तुओं पर मिलती हैं।^[६] जैसे-जैसे ईसाई धर्म फैला उत्तरी यूरोप की यह प्राचीन लिपियाँ मरती गई।^[७] 700 ईसवी तक यह मध्य यूरोप में ख़त्म हो चुकी थीं और 1100 ईसवी तक यह उत्तरी यूरोप में समाप्त हो गई। फिर भी जहाँ-तहाँ इनका प्रयोग जारी रहा, जैसे कि तस्वीरों में सजावट के लिए या कैलेंडरों पर।^[३]

विवरण

रूनी लिपियाँ देवनागरी और रोमन लिपि कि तरह बाएँ से दाएँ लिखी जाती थीं। समझा जाता है कि ये पुरानी इतालवी लिपियों से इटली क्षेत्र से उत्तर की ओर फैलीं। यह तीन रूनी वर्णमालाएँ थीं जिनपर सब से अधिक भाषावैज्ञानिक जानकारी है -^[८]

वृद्ध फ़ुथ़ार्क (ऍल्डर फ़ुथ़ार्क, Elder Futhark) - यह उत्तरपश्चिमी जर्मैनी भाषाओं के लिए 150–800 ईसवी काल में इस्तेमाल होती थी। वृद्ध फ़ुथ़ार्क की सबसे पुरानी लिखाई 160 ईसवी (अनुमानित) में बनी एक कंघी पर मिली है।^[६]^[८]
ऐंग्लो-सैक्सन फ़ुथ़ोर्क (Anglo-Saxon Futhorc) - यह ऐंग्लो-सैक्सन लोगों द्वारा पुरानी अंग्रेज़ी लिखने के लिए 400–1100 ईसवी काल में प्रयोग होती थी। इसे कभी-कभी लातिनी भाषा लिखने के लिए भी इस्तेमाल किया जाता था।^[८]
युवा फ़ुथ़ार्क (यंगर फ़ुथ़ार्क, Younger Futhark) - यह स्कैंडिनेविया क्षेत्र में पुरानी नॉर्स भाषा लिखने के लिए 800–1100 ईसवी काल में प्रयोग होती थी।^[८] इस लिपि से आगे चलकर और रूनी लिपियाँ उत्पन्न हुई। इस लिपि को मारने के लिए ईसाई चर्च ने सन् 1639 में इसका प्रयोग वर्जित कर दिया।^[९]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

साँचा:reflist

↑ Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction स्क्रिप्ट त्रुटि: "webarchive" ऐसा कोई मॉड्यूल नहीं है।, Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, pp 348, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8, ... The first writing system used by Germanic peoples to record their own languages is called the runic alphabet, after the runes, the name for the early Germanic letters ...
↑ Norwegian Runes And Runic Inscriptions, Terje Spurkland, Boydell Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84383-186-0, ... Runes were a functional writing system that endured for 1300 years in Norway - from about AD200 up to the fifteenth century. About 6000 runic inscriptions have been found, half of which are in Sweden. There are about 1600 Norwegian inscriptions. Runes were unique and completely exclusive to northern Europe; they were primarily used in Scandinavia, but were also used in the British Isles, northern Germany and wherever northern Europeans needed to mark their hunting grounds ...
↑ ^अ ^आ Rune Cards, Ralph Blum, pp. 24, Connections Book Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85906-138-1, ... As worship of the pagan gods fell into disfavour and was displaced by Christianity, the runic alphabet was supplanted by the ubiquitous Latin script. However, the Runes continued to survive. Calendars known as primstave, or runstaf ...
↑ Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS, Bill Yenne, pp. 24, Zenith Imprint, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7603-3778-3, ... There are a number of well-known northern European runic alphabets, some dating back to around the first century. Those in Scandinavia are known as futhark, or, in Anglo-Saxon, futhorc ...
↑ The Spiritual Runes: A Guide to the Ancestral Wisdom, Harmonia Saille, O Books, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84694-201-3, ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest rune row and is thought to have come into use in about 100 CE. It is this Futhark that we will be discussing throughout this book. The name “Futhark” is taken from the initial six runes ...
↑ ^अ ^आ Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions स्क्रिप्ट त्रुटि: "webarchive" ऐसा कोई मॉड्यूल नहीं है।, Tineke Looijenga, pp. 78, BRILL, 2003, ISBN 978-90-04-12396-0, ... the oldest known runic object (160 AD), the harja comb, found in the Vimose bog, may have been made in regions south of the Baltic Sea ...
↑ Little Giant Encyclopedia: Runes, Sirona Knight, pp. 206, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-1-4027-6006-8, ... By the third century, the runic alphabet was the only one used in Scandinavia. However, it fell out of use in middle Europe with the expansion of Christianity thanks to the legally enforced preference for Latin. It is interesting that as late as 1611, though people were persecuted and put to death by Christians for using runes, there were still attempts to get runes adopted as the official alphabet of Sweden ...
↑ ^अ ^आ ^इ ^ई Northern Lore, Eoghan Odinsson, Eoghan Odinsson, pp. 35-36, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4528-5143-3, ... The three best runic rows, and their approximate years of common usage are: (*) Elder Futhark (around 150 to 800 CE), (*) Old English Futhorc (400 to 1100 CE), (*) Younger Futhark (800-1100 CE) ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest form of the runic row, used by Germanic tribes for Northwest Germanic and Migration period of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artifacts such as jewellry, amulets, tools, weapons and runestones. In Scandinavia, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark from the late 8th century ...
↑ Runes for Transformation: Using Ancient Symbols to Change Your Life, Kaedrich Olsen, Weiser Books, 2008, ISBN 978-1-57863-425-5, ... The Younger Futhark was used in Scandinavia from about 500 CE until 1639 CE, when it was banned by the church ...

[ref98gemaf-1] Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction स्क्रिप्ट त्रुटि: "webarchive" ऐसा कोई मॉड्यूल नहीं है।, Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, pp 348, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8, ... The first writing system used by Germanic peoples to record their own languages is called the runic alphabet, after the runes, the name for the early Germanic letters ...

[ref71videy-2] Norwegian Runes And Runic Inscriptions, Terje Spurkland, Boydell Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84383-186-0, ... Runes were a functional writing system that endured for 1300 years in Norway - from about AD200 up to the fifteenth century. About 6000 runic inscriptions have been found, half of which are in Sweden. There are about 1600 Norwegian inscriptions. Runes were unique and completely exclusive to northern Europe; they were primarily used in Scandinavia, but were also used in the British Isles, northern Germany and wherever northern Europeans needed to mark their hunting grounds ...

[ref25zofoy-3] अ ^आ Rune Cards, Ralph Blum, pp. 24, Connections Book Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85906-138-1, ... As worship of the pagan gods fell into disfavour and was displaced by Christianity, the runic alphabet was supplanted by the ubiquitous Latin script. However, the Runes continued to survive. Calendars known as primstave, or runstaf ...

[ref07cihec-4] Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS, Bill Yenne, pp. 24, Zenith Imprint, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7603-3778-3, ... There are a number of well-known northern European runic alphabets, some dating back to around the first century. Those in Scandinavia are known as futhark, or, in Anglo-Saxon, futhorc ...

[ref78pafaj-5] The Spiritual Runes: A Guide to the Ancestral Wisdom, Harmonia Saille, O Books, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84694-201-3, ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest rune row and is thought to have come into use in about 100 CE. It is this Futhark that we will be discussing throughout this book. The name “Futhark” is taken from the initial six runes ...

[ref89laxux-6] अ ^आ Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions स्क्रिप्ट त्रुटि: "webarchive" ऐसा कोई मॉड्यूल नहीं है।, Tineke Looijenga, pp. 78, BRILL, 2003, ISBN 978-90-04-12396-0, ... the oldest known runic object (160 AD), the harja comb, found in the Vimose bog, may have been made in regions south of the Baltic Sea ...

[ref17zameq-7] Little Giant Encyclopedia: Runes, Sirona Knight, pp. 206, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-1-4027-6006-8, ... By the third century, the runic alphabet was the only one used in Scandinavia. However, it fell out of use in middle Europe with the expansion of Christianity thanks to the legally enforced preference for Latin. It is interesting that as late as 1611, though people were persecuted and put to death by Christians for using runes, there were still attempts to get runes adopted as the official alphabet of Sweden ...

[ref32ferox-8] अ ^आ ^इ ^ई Northern Lore, Eoghan Odinsson, Eoghan Odinsson, pp. 35-36, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4528-5143-3, ... The three best runic rows, and their approximate years of common usage are: (*) Elder Futhark (around 150 to 800 CE), (*) Old English Futhorc (400 to 1100 CE), (*) Younger Futhark (800-1100 CE) ... The Elder Futhark is the oldest form of the runic row, used by Germanic tribes for Northwest Germanic and Migration period of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artifacts such as jewellry, amulets, tools, weapons and runestones. In Scandinavia, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark from the late 8th century ...

[ref21ragad-9] Runes for Transformation: Using Ancient Symbols to Change Your Life, Kaedrich Olsen, Weiser Books, 2008, ISBN 978-1-57863-425-5, ... The Younger Futhark was used in Scandinavia from about 500 CE until 1639 CE, when it was banned by the church ...

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[२]

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[५]

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[७]

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[९]

रूनी लिपि

विवरण

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