hiwiki:Transclusion का स्रोत देखें

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'''[[Transclusion]]''' means the inclusion of the content of one document in another document by reference. In Wikipedia, it refers to a function of the [[MediaWiki]] software which allows the content of one page to be included in the content of another page, by placing a reference to the source page in the [[WP:wikitext|wikitext]] of the target page. A page which is intended to be transcluded into other pages is called a [[Help:Template|template]]. Changes made to a template are automatically reflected on all pages into which that template has been transcluded.

The basic syntax used to produce transclusion in wikitext is <code><nowiki>{{Template name}}</nowiki></code>. It is also possible to pass parameters to a template, using the expanded syntax described at [[Help:Template]].

An alternative to transclusion is [[Help:substitution|substitution]], whereby the current content of the template is automatically copied into the wikitext of the target page on saving, and will then be independent of any later changes made to the template. The syntax for this is <code><nowiki>{{subst:Template name}}</nowiki></code>

==How transclusion works==
{{/How Transclusion Works}}

==Applications of transclusion==
The most common application of transclusion is in the use of [[Help:Template|templates]]. However other pages are also sometimes transcluded, mainly within project space.

===Composite pages===
The wikitext of a page may (partly or fully) consist of tags for the inclusion of component pages. The component pages are usually not in the template namespace, and are often full pages in their own right.  Composite pages are intended to gather the material on them into a central location.

Examples are:
*[[m:Help:A simple composite example]]
*[[Wikipedia:Village pump]] with six component pages, e.g. [[:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)]]
*A daily page like [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Log/2005 May 31]] where each component page consists of the discussion on the deletion of one Wikipedia page, e.g. [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Sp3tt]] (for this day there are 75 such component pages)
*[[m:Meta:Translation/Coordination]], mainly containing
**[[m:Meta:Translation/Coordination/List/Meta]]
**[[m:Meta:Translation/Coordination/List/Main]]

This allows the choice between viewing the component pages separately or together. Viewing a composite page is convenient when there are many small, related component pages, in that it allows an overview of all the components without the effort of following numerous links.

In general, each component page and the composite page are treated separately.  While the actual changes on the component pages will be transcluded onto the composite page, the edit history, recent changes, page-watch settings, page protection, TOC, "what links here" link, and other features of the composite page do not reflect or affect the histories, watch settings, protection levels, ''what links here'' lists of the component pages.  The composite page is a page in its own right.  The talk page of a composite page is used to talk about the composition and the page in general, not the component pages, though it in turn could be a composite of the talk pages of the component pages.

Editing a section of a component page can be done directly from the composite page, see [[Help:Section#Editing sections of included templates|editing sections of included templates]]. After saving, one ends up at the page for the component page to which the section belongs.

On projects with the [[Help:Interwiki linking#Interlanguage link (software feature)|interlanguage link feature]] the composite page shows the combined  interlanguage links of all component pages, hence possibly multiple links for one language or even for one page.

See also [[Wikipedia talk:Template namespace/Archive 1#transcluding prose]].

===Pages with a common section===
When two pages need to discuss the same material in the same way, they can share a section.  This involves creating a third page and transcluding that page onto both pages. This third page may be a page in its own right or a subpage of either of the other two, and if the first it may be placed in the same namespace as the other pages or in template namespace.  Common sections like this should be marked with an explanatory header, and/or given a special layout, to inform the reader that this section of the page is in a different location.  They can easily confuse editors and readers alike if they aren't.

Examples:
*{{pim|Help|Editing sections of included templates}}
*{{pim|Help|Alphabetic order}}

===Repetition within a page===
On pages where there is a lot of repetitive information&nbsp;— various kinds of lists, usually&nbsp;— it is sometimes useful to make a template which contains the repeating text, and then call that template multiple times.  For example, [[Template:List of Languages]] calls [[Template:Lang def]] repeatedly with different parameters in order to generate the visible text.

Simple repetition of the same text can be handled with repetition of a parameter in a single template: e.g.  {{tl|3x}}, where <nowiki>{{3x| howdy!}}</nowiki> produces {{3x| howdy!}}.

There is no real looping functionality built into the Mediawiki software as of this time (see, however, {{tl|for loop}}), but there are some tricks for mimicking them.  For instance, repeatedly calling a template which repeatedly calls a different template can mimic a double loop (see e.g. {{tiw|ld}}, {{tiw|l2d}}, and {{tiw|l3d}}).  Templates can also be coerced into calling themselves (normally prohibited by the Mediawiki software past a single instance, to prevent infinite loops), by the artful use of redirects (see {{tim|Loop1}})
<!-- hiding technobabble till I can figure out what it's trying to say.  :)

An example where the same template is used for different loop levels is {{tim|Loop 2}}. Because the software has a built-in protection against infinite nesting (if there is, there will be an error e.g. <code>Fatal error: Maximum execution time of 30 seconds exceeded in /w/includes/Parser.php on line 775</code>), a redirect is used for each level. The number of levels that the template can handle is determined by the number of parameters specified in the two template calls it comprises (because going up a level requires an extra parameter) and the number of existing redirects.

Similarly [[Template:Lanlp 1]] is used for both the inner and the outer of a double loop. Adding an item (here a language) adds to each row and also adds an extra row.

'''Providing effective repetition without repetition of similar template calls in the wikitext'''

A technique for repetition of similar template calls without actually putting this list in the wikitext is demonstrated in {{links-small|template|for}}, and a more primitive method described below.

Example {{ut1|t2demo}}:

<nowiki>{{for loop|; |call=t2demo|pc1n=2|pc1v=constant|abc|def|ghi}}</nowiki> gives:

{{for loop|; |call=t2demo|pc1n=2|pc1v=constant|abc|def|ghi}}

Description of the old {{tim|List of template calls}}:

For an arbitrary template with up to three nameless parameters, it is equivalent to calling the template repeatedly, with the first parameter varying, and the possible other parameters fixed: one specifies the name, the values of the fixed parameters, and the list of values the first parameter should have in consecutive template calls, with a sequential number each, and ending with "end". The technique requires redirects like {{tim|List of template calls 3}}, as many as the maximum number of repetitions.

If e.g. the second parameter varies, or two parameters, then a similar template can be made, but each version requires its own set of redirects.

Example {{ut1|t2demo}}:

<nowiki>{{List of template calls|t2demo|constant||abc|1|def|2|ghi|end|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}}</nowiki>

gives (see the master copy [[m:Help:Template#Repetition within a page]]):

{{List of template calls|t2demo|constant||abc|1|def|2|ghi|end|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}}

The empty parameters are needed in accordance with the maximum number of parameters the repeated template can have (currently three) and the maximum number of repetitions. Putting more empty parameters than needed at the end does not matter, but the number of empty parameters in the beginning of the list should be correct.
-->
See also [[m:Help:Recursive conversion of wikitext]].

==Partial transclusion==
By using "noinclude", "onlyinclude" and "includeonly" markup, it is possible to transclude part of a page rather than all of it. Such partial transclusions can also be achieved by transcluding from other pages such as subpages. It is often useful not to transclude some information, such as template documentation. 

For an example of how this technique can be applied to simplify the creation of [[WP:SS|summary articles]], see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pathology&oldid=301684595 this revision of Pathology], which consisted of a collection of transcluded [[WP:LEAD|lead paragraphs]] from several main articles. 

{{anchor|Transclusion markup}} <!--Temp anchor 
until renamed section is checked for link breakage via ''what links here''-->
===Markup===
{{also|Help:Template#Noinclude, includeonly, and onlyinclude|Help:Category#Categories_and_templates}}

There are three pairs of [[html element|tags]] that can be used in [[wikitext]] to control how transclusion affects '''''[[HTML#Elements|elements]]''''' of a template or article.
They determine whether or not wikitext renders, either in its own article, which we will call "'''here'''", or in another article where it is transcluded, which we will call "'''there'''".
*'''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>''' this content '''will not be rendered ''there''''' '''<nowiki></noinclude></nowiki>''' . These tags have no effect ''here''.
*'''<nowiki><includeonly></nowiki>''' this content  '''will render only ''there''''', and  will not render ''here'' '''<nowiki></includeonly></nowiki>''' (like [[invisible ink]] made visible by means of transclusion).
*'''<nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki>''' this content will render ''here'' and will render ''there'' '''<nowiki></onlyinclude></nowiki>'''  but  '''the rest of the article will be excluded from rendering ''there'''''. 
There can be several such section ''elements''. Also, they can be nested.  All possible renderings are achievable. For example, to render ''there'' one or more sections of the page ''here'' use '''<nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki>''' tags.  To append text ''there'', wrap the addition in '''<nowiki><includeonly></nowiki>''' tags  above, within, or below the section.  To omit portions of the section, nest '''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>''' tags within it. 

As a memory aid insert the phrase ''in transclusion'' between the two words to get "noInTransclusionInclude", "includeInTransclusionOnly" and "onlyInTransclusionInclude". 

:See, for example, [[m:template:information thread|the wikitext of the wiki news thread]].

===Selective transclusion===
{{shortcut|WP:SELECTIVETRANSCLUSION|WP:SELTRANS}}
<b>Selective transclusion</b> is the process of [[#Partial transclusion|partially transcluding]] one selected section of a document which has more than one transcludable section.  As noted above, if only one section of a document is to be transcluded, this can be done by simply surrounding the section of interest with <tt><nowiki> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> </nowiki></tt> tags, and transcluding the whole page.  But to transclude one section from a template or document into one page, and another section from the same template or document into another page, that's selective transclusion, which requires a way to uniquely mark each section to be transcluded, and a way to specify which section is to be transcluded.  The section describes how to accomplish this.<p>Insert the following line into the document being transcluded immediately preceding the first line of each section to be transcluded, substituting SECTIONNAME (twice) with the unique name of the respective section (the section name can be any identifier; the identifier used for each section must be unique to that document):
:<tt><nowiki><onlyinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{transcludesection|SECTIONNAME}}}|SECTIONNAME|</nowiki></tt>
Also, each such transcludable section needs to end with this:
:<tt><nowiki>}}</onlyinclude></nowiki></tt>
Thus each section is enclosed within <tt><nowiki> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> </nowiki></tt> tags, will always be rendered when the <tt>transcludesection</tt> parameter is not set (when the document is viewed ordinarily, or when the document is transcluded without setting the <tt>transcludesection</tt> as shown below), and will be rendered by transclusion that uses that parameter and sets it to this section's name.  It will ''not'' be rendered by transclusion that uses the <tt>transcludesection</tt> parameter but sets it to anything other than the name of this section.<p>For example, if we want to make the principal criteria and common name sections of [[WP:TITLE]] be independently transcludable, we enclose the Principal Criteria for selective transclusion as follows:
:<tt><nowiki><onlyinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{transcludesection|principalcriteria}}}|principalcriteria|</nowiki></tt>
:...
:''(text of principal naming criteria)''
:...
:<tt><nowiki>}}</onlyinclude></nowiki></tt>

Similarly, we enclose the Common Name section:
:<tt><nowiki><onlyinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{transcludesection|commonname}}}|commonname|</nowiki></tt>
:...
:''(text of common name section)''
:...
:<tt><nowiki>}}</onlyinclude></nowiki></tt>

Then, to transclude the Principal Criteria section into another page, use the following line on that page, substituting FILENAME for the document to be transcluded and SECTIONNAME with the name of the section you want to transclude:
:<tt><nowiki>{{FILENAME|transcludesection=SECTIONNAME}}</nowiki></tt>
So, to transclude the principal naming criteria section:
:<tt><nowiki>{{WP:TITLE|transcludesection=principalcriteria}}</nowiki></tt>

Or, to transclude the common name section:
:<tt><nowiki>{{WP:TITLE|transcludesection=commonname}}</nowiki></tt>
Of course, the same page can translude two or more sections this way by including multiple such lines.

There is no limit to how many selectable sections for transclusion a document can have.  The only requirement is that each <tt>transcludesection</tt> be given a unique keyword name.

===Subpages===
One can cut and paste the text to be transcluded into a [[Wikipedia:Subpages|subpage]], then use the name of the subpage in the transclusion template. This approach can only be used with subpages from User, Talk or Wikipedia pages; currently, subpages [[Wikipedia:Subpages#Articles do not have sub-pages (main namespace)|cannot be created from main article pages]].

Example: you want to discuss the deletion and redirecting of [[Pussycat]] to [[Cat]]. First, create the subpage [[Talk:Pussycat/Let's delete Pussycat!]], write your comment into it, then transclude it in [[Talk:Pussycat]] and [[Talk:Cat]] using the template '''<nowiki>{{Talk:Pussycat/Let's delete Pussycat!}}</nowiki>'''. Comments posted in either talk pages will be shown in both.

===Special pages===
{{see also|Wikipedia:Special pages#Miscellaneous}}

Some pages on [[Special:Specialpages]] can be transcluded, such as [[Special:Allpages]], [[Special:Prefixindex]], [[Special:Newfiles]], [[Special:Newpages]], [[Special:Recentchanges]] and [[Special:Recentchangeslinked]].
Samples:
*<nowiki>{{Special:Allpages/General}}</nowiki> – a list of pages starting at "General"
*<nowiki>{{Special:Prefixindex/General}}</nowiki> – a list of pages with prefix "General"
*<nowiki>{{Special:Newfiles/4}}</nowiki> – a gallery of the four most recently uploaded files
*<nowiki>{{Special:Newpages/5}}</nowiki> – a list of the five most recently created pages
*<nowiki>{{Special:Recentchanges/5}}</nowiki> – the five most recent changes
*<nowiki>{{Special:Recentchangeslinked/General}}</nowiki> – recent changes to the pages linked from "General"

Except for Special:Recentchangeslinked, the slash and the word/number after the slash can be omitted, giving a list of pages without a specific starting point, or a list of the default length.

'''Note:''' Transcluding certain special pages (such as [[Special:Newpages]]) can change the [[Wikipedia:Page name|displayed title]] of the page.

==Pages related to [[MediaWiki]] [[transclusion]]==

* [[m:Help:A simple composite example]]
* [[Wikipedia:MediaWiki namespace]]
** [[m:Help:MediaWiki namespace]]
* [[m:Help:Variable]]
*[[Wikipedia talk:Template namespace#transcluding prose]]

==Templates==
* [[Help:Template]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template namespace]]
* [[Wikipedia:Template limits]]

== See also ==
{{Wikipedia glossary}}
* [[Wikipedia:Transclusion costs and benefits]]
* [[Wikipedia:Substitution]] (the opposite of transclusion)
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Modular Articles]]
* [[MediaZilla:4547|Bugzilla:Request for template transclusion from Commons]] (interwiki templates, etc.)

[[Category:साँचे]]
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