hiwiki:IPA for Scottish Gaelic का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Scottish Gaelic]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  

See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic, and [[Scottish Gaelic orthography]] for the exact correspondence between sounds and letters in Scottish Gaelic.

{| style="background: none"
|-----
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" valign="top"
! colspan=4 | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Scottish Gaelic phonology#Broad vs. slender|Broad]]<ref>Scottish Gaelic makes contrasts between [[velarized]] ("broad") and [[palatalized]] ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹{{IPA|ˠ}}›, are pronounced with the back of the [[tongue]] raised toward the [[soft palate|velum]], which happens to the {{IPA|/l/}} in English ''pi'''ll''''' in some accents, like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] and [[General American]], and in all positions in [[Scottish English]]. In [[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|Scottish Gaelic orthography]], broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.</ref>!! colspan=2 | [[Scottish Gaelic phonology#Broad vs. slender|Slender]]<ref>"Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹{{IPA|ʲ}}›, are pronounced with the body of the [[tongue]] raised toward the [[hard palate]], in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in ''yes''. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.</ref>
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big><ref name=j>Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide {{IPA|/j/}}.</ref>
| colspan=3| {{lang|gd|'''f'''ad, '''f'''ead, '''ph'''oll, '''ph'''eann}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''dh'''à, deirea'''dh''', '''gh'''aol, dra'''gh'''}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ʝ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''dh’'''iarr, '''dh'innis''', '''gh'''eall, '''ghin'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big><ref name=j />
| colspan=3 | {{lang|gd|'''th'''onn, '''th'''ig, '''sh'''ùil, '''sh'''eòl}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| colspan=3 | {{lang|gd|'''e'''ala, b'''e'''ò, th'''e'''àrn, '''i'''olaire, p'''i'''uthar, sh'''i'''ùbhlainn, grài'''dh'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''g'''aol, bea'''g'''an, cailea'''g''', amhar'''c'''}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|kʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''g'''ille, fairr'''g'''e, thi'''g''', chunnai'''c'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|kʰ}}</big><ref name=h>In initial position, the aspirated stops {{IPA|/kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/}} are postaspirated {{IPA|[kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]}}.  In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are [[Preaspiration|preaspirated]] {{IPA|[ʰk, ʰkʲ, ʰp, ʰt̪, ʰtʲ]}}.</ref>
| {{lang|gd|'''c'''òta}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|kʲʰ}}</big><ref name=h/>
| {{lang|gd|'''c'''ìr}}
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|<big>{{IPA|l̪ˠ}}</big>
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|gd|'''l'''àmh, ba'''ll'''a, gea'''l'''}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|mo '''l'''eaba, c'''l'''iathaich, bai'''l'''e, fui'''l'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ʎ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''l'''eaba, s'''l'''ige, gi'''ll'''e}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big><ref name=j/>
| colspan=3| {{lang|gd|'''m'''ac, '''m'''ic, la'''m'''pa, ì'''m'''}}
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|<big>{{IPA|n̪ˠ}}</big>
| rowspan=2|{{lang|gd|'''n'''àire, s'''n'''àmh, cla'''nn'''}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
|{{lang|gd|'''n'''ighean, s'''n'''eachda, ci'''nn'''eadh, ròi'''n'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|mo '''n'''àire, a'''n'''ail, bea'''n'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big><ref>[[Allophone]] of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/kʰ/}}</ref>
| {{lang|gd|''lo'''n'''g''}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ŋʲ}}</big><ref>[[Allophone]] of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/kʲ/}} and {{IPA|/kʲʰ/}}</ref>
| {{lang|gd|''ai'''n'''geal''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big><ref name=j/>
| colspan=3 | {{lang|gd|'''b'''all, nà'''b'''uidh, a'''b'''air, cor'''p'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|pʰ}}</big><ref name=j/><ref name=h/>
| colspan=3 | {{lang|gd|'''p'''eann, '''p'''oll}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|rˠ}}</big>
| colspan=3|{{lang|gd|'''r'''ud, '''r'''iochd, oi'''rr'''e, o'''rr'''a}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|dà '''r'''ud, mo '''r'''iochd, c'''r'''ann, fea'''r'''}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɾʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|c'''r'''idhe, fi'''r'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|s̪}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''s'''ola'''s''', '''s'''peal, '''s'''gialachd}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''s'''eòl, '''s'''tiùir, '''s'''lighe, '''s'''nìomh}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|t̪}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''d'''all, fa'''d'''a, a'''d''', fal'''t'''}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|tʲ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''d'''ìleas, mai'''d'''e, thèi'''d''', fuil'''t'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|t̪ʰ}}</big><ref name=h/>
| {{lang|gd|'''t'''ana}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|tʲʰ}}</big><ref name=h/>
| {{lang|gd|'''t'''ìr}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big><ref name=j/>
| colspan=3 | {{lang|gd|'''bh'''ean, sài'''bh''', '''mh'''àthair, dei'''mh'''in, là'''mh'''}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''ch'''òta, bala'''ch'''}} 
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''ch'''ì, balai'''ch'''}}
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=4 | [[Monophthong]]s
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Vowel length|Short]] !! colspan="2" | [[Vowel length|Long]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|m'''a'''c, gl'''ai'''ne}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|l'''à'''mh, '''ài'''te, g'''ea'''rr}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|t'''e'''th, f'''ea'''d, ch'''ei'''l}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|gl'''è''', ch'''è'''ile, b'''eu'''d}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|f'''ea'''r, '''ea'''ch}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|cn'''ài'''mh, s'''èi'''mh}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|m'''i'''se, f'''io'''s}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''ì'''seal, p'''ìo'''baire, c'''i'''nn}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|t'''o'''bar, b'''o'''dhar}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|b'''ò''', c'''òi'''g}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|cn'''o'''c, sg'''oi'''l, d'''eo'''ch}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|br'''ò'''n, m'''òi'''ne, c'''eò'''l, c'''o'''rr}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|'''u'''gh, b'''u'''n, sg'''io'''ltachadh, fl'''iu'''ch}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|c'''ù'''l, s'''ùi'''l, d'''io'''mbach, t'''iu'''rr, c'''u'''nntas}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ɯ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|d'''ui'''ne, '''ui'''sge}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɯː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|cr'''ao'''bh, '''aoi'''s}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ɤ}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|dr'''a'''gh, '''ai'''lm, cr'''ei'''seag, c'''oi'''re}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɤː}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|f'''adh'''lach}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|gd|fad'''a''', bail'''e'''}}
| colspan=2 |
|-
! colspan=4 | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
! IPA !! colspan="3" | Examples
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ai}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|cl'''aidh'''eamh, ch'''ai'''ll, c'''ai'''nnt}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|au}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|'''amh'''arc, '''abh'''ainn, b'''a'''ll, g'''a'''nn}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɛu}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|s'''ea'''ll, th'''ea'''nn, dr'''ea'''m}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ia}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|N'''ia'''ll, p'''ia'''n, f'''eu'''r, b'''eu'''l, f'''ìo'''n}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|iə}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|f'''ia'''cail, '''ia'''sg, c'''eu'''d, d'''eu'''g, s'''ìo'''s}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɔu}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|t'''o'''ll, t'''o'''nn, c'''o'''m}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ua}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|'''ua'''mhasach, s'''uai'''nteadh, '''uai'''ne}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|uə}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|f'''ua'''r, '''uai'''r, b'''uai'''dh}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɯi}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|chr'''aoi'''bh, gh'''aoith''', t'''ui'''ll, t'''ui'''nn}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɤi}}</big>
| colspan="3" | {{lang|gd|m'''aigh'''dean, s'''aidh'''eamh, gr'''ei'''m, c'''oibh'''neil, '''oigh'''re, c'''oi'''lltean, br'''oi'''nn}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | Other symbols used in transcription of Scottish Gaelic pronunciation
|-
! IPA !! Explanation
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) for example ''uinneag'' {{IPA|[ˈɯɲak]}}
|}
|}

==Varying IPA conventions==
Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia.  Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly the systems used in [[Celtic Studies]]. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered.  Cells that are left blank indicate that the source uses the same transcription as above.

{| class="IPA wikitable"
!
!Borgstrøm (1937)<ref name=Borgstrom1937>{{cite journal|last=Borgstrøm |first=Carl Hjalmar |title=The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides |year=1937 |journal=Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap |volume=8 |pages=71–242}}</ref><br>([[Barra]])
!Borgstrøm (1940)<ref name=Borgstrom1940>{{cite book|last=Borgstrøm |first=Carl Hjalmar |title=The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides |year=1940 |series=A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol.&nbsp;1 (''Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap'' suppl. vol.&nbsp;1) |location=Oslo |publisher=Aschehoug}}</ref><br>([[Outer Hebrides]])
!Oftedal (1956)<ref name=Oftedal>{{cite book|last=Oftedal |first=Magne |title=The Gaelic of Leurbost |year=1956 |series=A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol.&nbsp;3 (''Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap'' suppl. vol.&nbsp;4) |location=Oslo |publisher=Aschehoug}}</ref><br>([[Lewis]])
!Ó Murchú (1989)<ref name=OMurchu>{{cite book|last=Ó Murchú |first=Máirtín |title=East Perthshire Gaelic |year=1989 |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=0-901282-93-6}}</ref><br>([[Perthshire|East Perthshire]])
!Cox (2002)<ref name=Cox>{{cite book|last=Cox |first=Richard A.&nbsp;V. |title=The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis |year=2002 |publisher=School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=1-85500-192-6}}</ref><br>([[Lewis]])
!Ó Maolalaigh (2008)<ref name=Maolalaigh>{{cite book|last=Ó Maolalaigh |first=Roibeard |title=Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks |year=2008 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Birlinn |isbn=978-1-84158-643-4}}</ref><br>([[Mid-Minch Gaelic|over-regional]])
!Black (2006)<ref name=Black>{{cite book|last=Black|first=Ronald|title=Cothrom Ionnsachaidh |year=2006 |location=Edinburgh|publisher=|isbn=0906981336}}</ref><br>(over-regional)
!Klevenhaus (2009)<ref name=Klevenhaus>{{cite book|last=Klevenhaus |first=Michael |title=Lehrbuch der schottish-gälischen Sprache |year=2009 |location=Hamburg |publisher=Buske |isbn=978-3-87548-520-2}}</ref><br>Bauer (2011)<ref name=Bauer>{{cite book|last=Bauer |first=Michael |title=Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation |year=2011 |isbn=978-1907165009 |location=Glasgow |publisher=Akerbeltz}}</ref><br>(both over-regional)
|-align="center"
!ç
| ç || ç′ || ç || x′ || ç || ç || ç || ç
|-align="center"
!ʝ 
| j || j′ || ǰ || ɣ′ || ʝ || ʝ || j || j 
|-align="center"
!k 
| g̊<!--NOT the IPA open-tail ɡ-->, k || g̬<!--NOT the IPA open-tail ɡ-->, k || g || ɡ || g || ɡ̊ || g<ref>Word-initially</ref>, k<ref>Medially or final</ref> || g 
|-align="center"
!kʲ 
| g̊′<!--NOT the IPA open-tail ɡ-->, k′ || g̬′<!--NOT the IPA open-tail ɡ-->, k′ || ǵ || ɡ′ || g̭' || gʲ || gʲ, kʲ || gʲ 
|-align="center"
!kʰ 
| kʽ || kʽ || k || k || k || k || k || k 
|-align="center"
!kʲʰ 
| k′ʽ || k′ʽ || ḱ || k′ || k′ || kʲ || kʲ || kʲ 
|-align="center"
!l̪ˠ 
| L || L || L || ɬ || L || ɫ̪ || L || L 
|-align="center"
!ʎ 
| L′ || L′ || L′ || ({{sc|n.a.}}) || L′ || ʎ || Lʲ  || Lʲ  
|-align="center"
!l 
| l′ || l′ || l || l || l || l || l || l 
|-align="center"
!n̪ˠ 
| N || N || N || ({{sc|n.a.}}) || N || n̴̪ || N || N 
|-align="center"
!ɲ 
| N′ || N′ || N′ || ({{sc|n.a.}}) || N′ || ɲ || Nʲ || Nʲ 
|-align="center"
!p 
| b̥, p || b̬, p || b || b || b || b || b, p || b 
|-align="center"
!pʰ 
| pʽ || pʽ || p || p || p || p || p || p 
|-align="center"
!rˠ 
| R || R, Ṛ || R || ({{sc|n.a.}}) || R || r̴ || R || R 
|-align="center"
!ɾ 
| r || r || r || r || r || ɾ || r || r 
|-align="center"
!ɾʲ 
| r′ || r′, ð′ || ð || ({{sc|n.a.}}) || ð || rʲ || rʲ || rʲ 
|-align="center"
!s̪ 
| s || s || s || s || s || s || s || s 
|-align="center"
!ʃ 
| ʃ || ʃ || ʃ || š || ʃ || ʃ || ʃ || ʃ 
|-align="center"
!t̪ 
| d̥, t || d̬, t || d || d || d || d̪ || d, t || d 
|-align="center"
!tʲ
| d̥′<sup>ž</sup>, d̥′, t′ || d̬′<sup>ž</sup>, d̬′, t′ || d′ || ǰ || d′ || dʲ || dʲ, tʲ || dʲ 
|-align="center"
!t̪ʰ 
| tʽ || tʽ || t || t || t || t̪ || t || t 
|-align="center"
!tʲʰ 
| tʽ′<sup>ʃ</sup>, tʽ′ || tʽ′<sup>ʃ</sup>, tʽ′ || t′ || č || t′ || tʲ || tʲ || tʲ 
|-align="center"
!ɯ 
| ʎ || ʎ || ɯ || ɯ || ɯ || ɯ || ʎ || ɯ 
|-align="center"
!ɤ 
| ø || ø || ə || ɤ || ɤ || ɤ || ə || ɤ 
|-align="center"
!ɛ
| ɛ, æ || ɛ, æ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ
|-align="center"
!a 
| a || a || a || ɑ || a || a || a || a 
|}

==Notes and references==
<references />

[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Scottish Gaelic]]