hiwiki:IPA for Russian का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Russian language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  

See [[Russian phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

{| style="background: none"
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{| class="wikitable"
![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples<ref>Russian makes contrasts between [[palatalization|palatalized]] ("soft") and unpalatalized ("hard") consonants.  Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript j,  ‹ {{IPA|ʲ}}› , are pronounced with the body of the [[tongue]] raised toward the [[hard palate]], in a manner similar to the articulation of the ''y'' sound in ''yes''.  {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/ɕɕ/}}, {{IPA|/tɕ/}}, {{IPA|/ʑʑ/}} are also considered "soft".</ref> !! English equivalents
|-
! colspan=5| [[Consonant]]s
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
|'''б'''ок; не'''б'''о
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|bʲ}}</big>
|'''б'''елый; воро'''б'''ей
|'''b'''oot; '''b'''eautiful
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
|'''д'''ом; де'''д'''а
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|dʲ}}</big>
|'''д'''елает; Вла'''д'''имир
|'''d'''o; '''d'''ew (for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|dialects]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
|'''ф'''ата; выста'''в'''ка;<ref name="voice"/> Чехо'''в''';<ref name="devoice"/> шур'''ф'''
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|fʲ}}</big>
|'''ф'''ея; чер'''вь'''<ref name="devoice"/>
|'''f'''ool; '''f'''ew
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
|'''г'''оворю; дру'''г'''ой
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɡʲ}}</big>
|'''г'''ербарий; но'''г'''и
|'''g'''oo; ar'''g'''ue
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big>
|'''Г'''осподь, '''Г'''осподи;<ref name="g2">In some religious words such as Бог and Господь, as well as interjections,  ‹г› and ‹к› represent {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[x]}}, respectively.  When {{IPA|/ɡ/}} loses its voicing, it is also [[lenition|lenited]] (a form of [[dissimilation]]) before plosives in some words.</ref> ''interj.'' а'''г'''а, о'''г'''о<ref name="g2"/>
|colspan="2"|
|-
|colspan="2"|
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
|'''е'''сть; '''ю'''ла; '''я'''; толсты'''й''' <ref>The "soft" vowel letters <е> <ю> and <я> represent a {{IPA|/j/}} plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels or a yer.  When such vowels are unstressed, the {{IPA|/j/}} may be deleted.</ref>
|'''y'''es, bo'''y'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
|'''к'''ость; '''к'''нига; ру'''к'''а; бо'''к'''
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʲ}}</big>
|'''к'''ишки; корот'''к'''ий
|'''c'''ool; '''c'''ute
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
|'''л'''уна; сту'''л'''а ; ство'''л'''<ref> {{IPA|/l/}} is often strongly [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] but this feature is nondistinctive {{Harvcol|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=187-188}}.</ref>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|lʲ}}</big>
|'''л'''ес; ко'''л'''ено; мыс'''ль'''
|pi'''ll'''; '''l'''east
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
|'''м'''ыло; ду'''м'''ать; та'''м'''
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|mʲ}}</big>
|'''м'''ясо; до'''м'''е
|'''m'''oot; '''m'''ute
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
|'''н'''ос; о'''н'''
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|nʲ}}</big>
|'''н'''ёс; о'''н'''и; коре'''нь'''
|'''n'''oon; '''n'''ewt (for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|dialects]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
|'''п'''ыль; сто'''п'''а; скри'''п'''; зу'''б'''<ref name="devoice">Voiced obstruents ({{IPA|/b/, /bʲ/, /d/, /dʲ/ /ɡ/, /v/, /vʲ/, /z/, /zʲ/, /ʐ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʑʑ/}}) are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=22}}.</ref>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|pʲ}}</big>
|'''п'''е'''п'''ел; зы'''бь'''<ref name="devoice"/>
|'''p'''ool; '''p'''ew
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
|'''р'''ыба; ши'''р'''окий; о'''р'''ла; жи'''р'''
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|rʲ}}</big>
|'''р'''ека; четы'''р'''е; т'''р'''и; зве'''рь'''
|[[alveolar trill|trilled r]], like in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
|'''с'''обака; пи'''с'''ать; но'''с'''; гла'''з'''<ref name="devoice"/>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|sʲ}}</big>
|'''с'''иний; зде'''сь'''; е'''с'''ть; гры'''з'''ть<ref name="voice"/>
|'''s'''oup; '''s'''uper (for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|dialects]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʂ}}</big>
|'''ш'''ирокий; на'''ш'''; хоро'''ш'''ий; му'''ж''';<ref name="devoice"/> '''ч'''то
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɕ|showsymbol=ɕɕ}}
|'''щ'''егол; '''сч'''итать; му'''жч'''ина; вра'''щ'''ать <ref name="щ">While some speakers pronounce words with ‹щ› as {{IPA|[ɕɕ]}} and others as {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}}, none contrast the two pronunciations.  This generally includes words spelled with other letters, though speakers with the {{IPA|[ɕɕ]}} pronunciation may still pronounce words like считывать with {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}} because of the morpheme boundary between ‹с› and ‹ч›.</ref>
| '''sh'''op; fre'''sh ch'''eese, fi'''sh sh'''ow
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
|'''т'''о'''т'''; чи'''т'''аю; во'''д'''ка;<ref name="voice">In consonant clusters, the voicing or devoicing is determined by that of the final obstruent in the sequence {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=31}}</ref> лё'''д'''<ref name="devoice"/>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|tʲ}}</big>
|'''т'''ере'''ть'''; ди'''т'''я; гру'''дь'''<ref name="devoice"/>
|'''t'''ool; '''t'''une (for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|dialects]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|t͡s}}</big>
|'''ц'''ель; пти'''ц'''а; оте'''ц'''
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}}</big>
|'''ч'''ай; пе'''ч'''ень; те'''ч'''ь
|'''ts'''unami, ca'''ts'''; '''ch'''ip
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
|'''в'''аш; да'''в'''ать; е'''г'''о<ref name="g">Intervocalic <г> can represent {{IPA|/v/}} in certain words and affixes</ref>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|vʲ}}</big>
|'''в'''ести; чело'''в'''ек
|'''v'''oodoo; '''v'''iew
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
|'''х'''одить; у'''х'''о; Бо'''г'''<ref name="g2"/>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|xʲ}}</big>
|'''х'''ина; лё'''г'''кий<ref name="voice"/><ref name="g2"/>
|ba'''ch'''; '''h'''uge (for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|dialects]]).
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
|'''з'''аезжать; я'''з'''ык
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|zʲ}}</big>
|'''з'''елёный; о'''з'''еро; про'''сь'''ба;<ref name="voice"/>
|'''z'''oo; a'''z'''ure (for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|dialects]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʐ}}</big>
|'''ж'''ест; тя'''ж'''ёлый
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʑ|showsymbol=ʑʑ}}</big>
|дро'''жж'''и; зае'''зж'''ать<ref>The phoneme {{IPA|/ʑʑ/}} is in many dialects is replaced with {{IPA|/ʐ/}}.</ref>
|rou'''g'''e; a'''si'''a
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English equivalent
|-
!colspan=3|Stressed [[vowel]]s 
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
|трав'''а́'''
|t'''o'''n
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|æ}}</big>
|п'''я'''ть
|p'''a'''t
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɑ}}</big>
|п'''а́'''лка <ref> {{IPA|[ɑ]}} appears between a hard consonant (or a pause) and {{IPA|/l/}}</ref>
|p'''a'''lm
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
|п'''е'''нь
|p'''a'''y
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big><!-- Linking to a vowel article isn't appropriate here since this character is used here to represent both an open-mid and a mid vowel, depending on context-->
|ж'''е'''ст
|m'''e'''t
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
|с'''и́'''него
|m'''ee'''t
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɨ}}</big>
|т'''ы'''
|ros'''e'''s (for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|dialects]])
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
|'''о́'''блако
|ch'''o'''re
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɵ}}</big>
|т'''ё'''тя
|audi'''o'''
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
|п'''у́'''ля
|m'''oo'''n
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʉ}}</big>
|ч'''у'''ть
|ch'''oo'''se
|-
!colspan=3|[[Vowel reduction in Russian|Unstressed vowels]]
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big>
|п'''а'''ро́м; с'''оо'''бража́ть; тр'''о'''па́
|b'''u'''d
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
|ко́ж'''а'''; ше́'''я'''; о́блак'''о'''
|'''a'''bout
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big>
|т'''я'''жёлый; '''э'''та́п; ч'''е'''ты́ре
|b'''i'''t
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɨ}}</big>
|д'''ы'''ша́ть; ж'''е'''на́; го́д'''ы'''
|d'''i'''nner
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʉ}}</big>
|'''ю'''ти́ться
|'''you'''th
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big>
|м'''у'''жчи́на
|p'''u'''t
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | Other symbols used in transcription of Russian pronunciation
|-
! IPA !! Explanation
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| Stress (placed before the stressed syllable),<br />for example этап {{IPA|[ɪˈtap]}}</big>
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Template:IPA-ru]]
*[[Russian phonology]]
*[[Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian]]

==References==
*{{citation
|last =Halle
|first= Morris
|authorlink=Morris Halle
|year= 1959
|title= Sound Pattern of Russian
|publisher=MIT Press
}}
*{{citation
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|last2=Maddieson
|first2=Ian
|authorlink2=Ian Maddieson
|year=1996
|title=The Sounds of the World's Languages
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
|ISBN=0-631-19815-6
}}

[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Russian]]