hiwiki:IPA for Persian का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Persian language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  

See [[Persian phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Persian.

{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" | 
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="5"| [[Consonant]]s<ref>Persian consonants can be [[Gemination|geminated]], especially in words from [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. This is represented in IPA by doubling the consonant: {{IPA|[sejjed]}}.</ref>
|-
! IPA !! Letter !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ب}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|برادر}}</big>||'''b'''eet
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{lang|fa|د}}</big>
|align="right"|<big>{{lang|fa|د‫وست‬}}</big>||'''d'''en<ref name=td>The Persian alveolar stops {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are either [[Apical consonant|apico]]-[[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] or apico-[[Dental consonant|dental]]. The unvoiced stops {{IPA|/p, t, tʃ, k/}} are [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not [[Complementary distribution|contrastive]]. Farsi does not have syllable-initial consonant clusters, so unlike in English, {{IPA|/p, t/}} are aspirated even following {{IPA|/s/}}, as in {{IPA|/hastam/}} "I am".</ref>
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ج}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|جوان}}</big>||'''j'''azz
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ف}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|فشار}}</big>||'''f'''ast
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|گ}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|گروه}}</big>||'''g'''ate
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{lang|fa|غ}}<br><ref name=q>In Classical Persian, {{lang|fa|غ}} and {{lang|fa|ق}} denoted {{IPAblink|ɣ}} and {{IPAblink|q}}, respectively. In modern [[Tehrani Persian]] (which is used in the Iranian mass media), there is no difference in the pronunciation of {{lang|fa|غ}} and {{lang|fa|ق}}; both represent {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or {{IPAblink|ɢ}}, which are in [[complementary distribution]] depending on their position in the word. When {{IPA|/ɣ/}} occurs at the beginning of a word, it is realized as a [[voiced uvular plosive]] {{IPAblink|ɢ}}. However, the classic pronunciation difference for {{lang|fa|غ}} and {{lang|fa|ق}} is preserved in the eastern variants of Persian (i.e. [[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Dari]] and [[Tajik language|Tajiki]]), as well as the southern dialects of the modern Iranian variety (e.g. [[Yazdi Persian|Yazdi]] and [[Kermani Persian|Kermani]] dialects).</ref> {{lang|fa|ق}}</big>
|align="right"|<big>{{lang|fa|باغ}}</big>||between '''''g'''ate'' and '''''h'''at''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɢ}}</big>
|align="right"|<big>{{lang|fa|قلم}}</big>||
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ه}}<br>{{lang|fa|ح}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|هفت}}</big>||'''h'''at
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ی}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|یا}}</big>||'''y'''ard
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ک}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|کشور}}</big>||'''c'''at
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ل}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|لب}}</big>||'''l'''and
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|م}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|مادر}}</big>||'''m'''an
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ن}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|نان}}</big>||'''n'''eck
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|‫پ‬}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|‫پدر‬}}</big>||'''p'''en
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ر}}</big>
|align="right"|<big>{{lang|fa|ایران}}</big>||[[alveolar trill|Rolled R]] (Spanish/Italian R)<ref>An [[Alveolar tap|alveolar flap]] {{IPAlink|ɾ}}, which [[Intervocalic alveolar flapping|is used]] in many [[General American|American]] and [[Australian English|Australian]] accents for intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}}; also often heard for {{IPA|/r/}} in [[Scottish English|Scotland]].  In Persian, as in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], and other [[Romance languages]], it has a [[Alveolar trill|trilled]] allophone {{IPAblink|r}} at the beginning of a word.</ref>
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|س}}<br>{{lang|fa|ص}}<br>{{lang|fa|ث}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|سایه}}</big>||'''s'''ock
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|‫ش‬}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|‫شاه‬}}</big>||'''sh'''ah
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ت}}<br>{{lang|fa|ط}}</big>
|align="right"|<big>{{lang|fa|تا}}</big>||'''t'''all<ref name=td/>
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|چ}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|چوب}}</big>||'''ch'''ip
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|و}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|ویژه}}</big>||o'''v'''en
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|خ}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|خانه}}</big>||lo'''ch''' (''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]'')
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ز}}<br>{{lang|fa|ذ}}<br>{{lang|fa|ض}}<br>{{lang|fa|ظ}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|آزاد}}</big>||ja'''zz'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ژ}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|ژاله}}</big>||vi'''si'''on
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʔ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ع}}<br>{{lang|fa|ء}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|معنا}}</big>||As in wa'''t'''er, be'''tt'''er, Le'''t''''s go! in ([[Cockney#Cockney_speech|Cockney]]) - depar'''t'''ment, no'''t''' now! in [[Received pronounciation|RP]] - See [[T-glottalization]]
|-
! colspan="5" | Marginal consonants
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|نگ}}</big>
|align="right"|<big>{{lang|fa|رنگ}}</big>||si'''ng'''
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big> {{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
|align="right"|<ref>One syllable in each word (or breath group) is stressed; stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words.  For the various exception and other clarifications, see [[Persian phonology#Stress]]</ref> <big>{{lang|fa|ایران}}<br>{{IPA|[iˈɾɒːn]}}</big>||a'''gain'''<br>{{IPA-en|əˈɡeɪn|}}
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em" 
! colspan="5"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! IPA !! Letter !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
! colspan="5"| [[Monophthong]]s<ref>[[Historical linguistics|Diachronically]], Persian possessed a distinction of [[vowel length|length]] in its underlying vowel inventory, contrasting the long vowels {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}, {{IPA|/ɒː/}} with the short vowels {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/æ/}} respectively.</ref>
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|æ}}</big>
|align="center"|<ref name=short>In the modern [[Persian script]], the "short" vowels {{IPA|/æ/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} are usually not written; only the long vowels {{IPA|/ɒː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}} are represented in the text. This, of course, creates certain ambiguities. Consider the following: ''kerm'' "worm", ''karam'' "generosity", ''kerem'' "cream", and ''krom'' "chrome" are all spelled ‹{{lang|fa|کرم}}› ''k-r-m'' in Persian. The reader must determine the word from context. The Arabic system of vocalization marks known as ''[[harakat]]'' is also used to indicate the Persian short vowels, though some of the symbols have different pronunciations. For example, an Arabic ''[[damma]]'' is pronounced {{IPAblink|ʊ}}, while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced {{IPAblink|o}}. This system is not used in mainstream Persian literature; it is primarily used for teaching and in some (but not all) dictionaries.</ref><ref name=ae>Word-final /æ/ is very rare in Iranian Persian, except for /næ/ "no." The word-final /æ/ in Early New Persian mostly shifted to /e/ in contemporary Iranian Persian (often romanized as ‹eh›), but is preserved in the Eastern dialects.</ref>
|align="right"| <big>{{lang|fa|نه}}</big>||b'''a'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɒː}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ا}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|تا}}</big>|| As in the [[interjection]] '''aw''' but slightly shorter in length - similar to  c'''augh'''t ([[American English]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
|align="center"|<ref name=short/><ref name=ae/>
|align="right"| <big>{{lang|fa|که}}</big>||between ''b'''a'''te'' and ''b'''e'''t''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|iː}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ی}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|کی}}</big>||b'''ea'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
|align="center"|<ref name=short/><ref>Word-final /o/ is rare except for /to/ "you (singular)".</ref>
|align="right"| <big>{{lang|fa|تو}}</big>||b'''oa'''t (but shorter)
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|uː}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|و}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|تو}}</big>||b'''oo'''t
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ei}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|ی}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|کی}}</big>|| b'''ay''', th'''ey'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ou}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|و}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|نو}}</big>||fl'''ow'''
|-
<!-- ! colspan="5" | Marginal vowels
|-
|align="center" |<big> </big>
|align="center"|<big>{{lang|fa|}}</big>
|align="right"|<big> {{lang|fa|}}</big>||
|- -->
|}
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Persian]]