hiwiki:IPA for Malay का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  See [[Malay language#Phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Malay.

English approximations are in some cases very loose, and only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation.

{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" | 
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| align="left"| '''b'''ola <ref name=stop>{{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} are [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]], as in the [[Romance languages]], or as in English ''spy, sty, sky.'' In final position, they are [[unreleased stop|unreleased]] {{IPA|[p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚]}}, with final ''k'' being a [[glottal stop]]. {{IPA|/b, d/}} are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, {{IPA|[p̚, t̚]}}. There is no [[Liaison (French)|liaison]]: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in ''kulit ubi'' "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.</ref>
|align="left"| '''b'''eau
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
| align="left"| '''d'''ari <ref name=stop/><ref name=d&t/>
|align="left"| '''d'''o
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''j'''ari <ref name=affricate/>
|align="left"| '''j'''ob
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| align="left"| '''f'''ikir, '''v'''isa <ref name=loan>The fricatives {{IPA|[f, z, ʃ, x]}} are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as {{IPAblink|v}}; otherwise it is {{IPAblink|f}}.</ref>
|align="left"| '''f'''estival
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''g'''alah <ref name=glottal/>
|align="left"| '''g'''ain
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
| align="left"| '''h'''abis, toko'''h''' <ref>{{IPA|/h/}} clearly pronounced between like vowels, as in ''Pahang''. Elsewhere it is a very light sound, and is frequently silent, as in ''hutan'' ~ ''utan'' "forest", ''sahut'' ~ ''saut'' "answer". (It is not, however, dropped when initial from Arabic loans such as ''hakim'' "judge".) In dialects which retain final {{IPA|/h/}}, it may engage in liaison, as in ''sudah itu'' {{IPA|[suda hitu]}} "after that".</ref>
|align="left"| '''h'''at
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| align="left"| '''y'''akin, ka'''y'''a
|align="left"| '''y'''es
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| align="left"| '''k'''alah <ref name=stop/><ref name=glottal/>
|align="left"| s'''k'''y
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| align="left"| '''l'''ama
|align="left"| c'''l'''ean
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| align="left"| '''m'''akan
|align="left"| '''m'''oon
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| align="left"| '''n'''akal
|align="left"| '''n'''ote
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''ng'''arai
|align="left"| feeli'''ng'''
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''ny'''aman
|align="left"| ca'''ny'''on
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| align="left"| '''p'''ola <ref name=stop/>
|align="left"| s'''p'''y
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
| align="left"| '''r'''aja, da'''r'''i, pasa'''r'''
|align="left"| trilled 'r' <ref>In traditional Malay areas, the [[rhotic consonant]] {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or trill {{IPAblink|r}}. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: ''kertas'' "paper" may be pronounced {{IPA|[krəˈtas]}} or {{IPA|[kərəˈtas]}}.</ref>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| align="left"| '''s'''aya
|align="left"| '''s'''ix
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''sy'''ak <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"| '''sh'''oe
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| align="left"| '''t'''ari <ref name=stop/>
|align="left"| s'''t'''y
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| align="left"| '''c'''ari <ref name=affricate>{{IPA|/tʃ, dʒ/}} are pronounced with the tip of the tongue further forward than in English (alveolar), and without the lip rounding of English.</ref>
|align="left"| '''ch'''eck
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| align="left"| '''v'''isa <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"| '''v'''ision
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
| align="left"| '''w'''aktu, Ja'''w'''a
|align="left"| '''w'''e 
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
| align="left"| '''kh'''as <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"| 
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| align="left"| '''z'''aman <ref name=loan/>
|align="left"| '''z'''ero
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʔ}}</big>
| align="left"| bapa'''k'''  <ref name=stop/> <ref name=glottal>The glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in the coda: ''baik'', ''bapak''. It is also used between identical vowels in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. ''bakso'' (meatballs). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as ''Al Qur'an''.</ref><ref name=d&t>{{IPA|/t/}} is [[dental consonant|dental]], as in French, whereas {{IPA|/d/}} is alveolar as in English.</ref>
|align="left"| 
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" 
! colspan="3"| [[Vowel]]s <ref>The [[nasal consonant]]s {{IPA|/m, n, ŋ, ɲ/}} [[nasal vowel|nasalize]] following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the intervening consonant is {{IPA|/h, j, w, ʔ/}}.</ref>
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
| align="left"| '''a'''j'''a'''r, buk'''a'''<ref name="final a">In Malaysian, word-final {{IPA|/a/}} is often reduced to {{IPAblink|ə}}.</ref>
|align="left"| f'''a'''ther
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
| align="left"| s'''e'''rong, kar'''e''' <ref name=diphthong/>
|align="left"| cl'''ay'''<ref>The Malay/Indonesian {{IPA|/e/}} doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of ''clay'' (for most English dialects) and the vowel of ''get''. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.</ref>
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
| align="left"| t'''e'''h, b'''e'''b'''e'''k <ref name=lax>{{IPA|/e, i, o, u/}} have [[tenseness|lax]] [[allophone]]s {{IPA|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ]}} in [[closed syllable]]s, except that tense {{IPA|[i, u]}} occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and laax {{IPA|[ɛ, ɔ]}} also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.</ref>
|align="left"| f'''e'''stival
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| align="left"| b'''i'''la, '''i'''n'''i'''
|align="left"| s'''ee'''
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big>
| align="left"| kir'''i'''m <ref name=lax/>
|align="left"| b'''i'''n
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
| align="left"| r'''o'''da, t'''o'''k'''o''' <ref name=diphthong/>
|align="left"| s'''o'''le
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
| align="left"| p'''o'''h'''o'''n <ref name=lax/>
|align="left"| s'''o'''rt
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| align="left"| '''u'''pah, bar'''u'''
|align="left"| m'''oo'''n
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big>
| align="left"| rump'''u'''t <ref name=lax/>
|align="left"| f'''oo'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| align="left"| g'''e'''lak <ref name="final a"/>
|align="left"| '''a'''bout
|-
! colspan=3 | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
|<big>{{IPA|au}}</big>
| align="left"| kal'''au''' <ref name=diphthong/>
|align="left"| h'''ow'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ai}}</big>
| align="left"| cap'''ai''' <ref name=diphthong>{{IPA|/e, o/}} are [[allophone]]s of {{IPA|/i, u/}} in native words, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs {{IPA|/ai, au/}}, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into {{IPA|/e, o/}}, respectively, especially in [[Java]].</ref>
|align="left"| b'''ye'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA|oi, ui}}</big>
| align="left"| sep'''oi'''
|align="left"| b'''oy''' (uncommon)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=3 | Other symbols
|-
! IPA !! Explanation
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| Primary stress<br>Placed before the stressed syllable <ref>Stress generally falls on the [[penult]]imate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa {{IPAblink|ə}}, stress shifts to the [[antepenult]] if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.</ref>
|}
|}

===Notes===
<references/>
<!-- Indispensable help: [http://hmongrp.wisc.edu/IPPL%20Indonesian/inetpub/wwwroot/ipa/Indonesian%20Test%20Template/indo.html] -->

[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Malay]]