hiwiki:IPA for Latin का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Classical Latin]] and [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  
See [[Latin spelling and pronunciation]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin.

{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" | 
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="5"| [[Consonant]]s<ref name="geminated"/>
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Latin alphabet|Latin<br>alphabet]]<ref name="capital">The [[Latin alphabet]] was [[unicase]] until well after the Classical era.  In inscriptions, [[Roman square capitals|square capitals]], the ancestors of the modern [[capital letter|upper case]], were used.  In keeping with this, this page uses [[small caps]] to display Latin.</ref> !! colspan=2|IPA !! rowspan=2|Examples !! rowspan=2|English equivalent
|-
! [[Classical Latin|Cl.]] !! [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Ecc.]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|b}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''b'''ene}}</big>
| '''b'''ean
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|c}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big> <ref name="palatalized">Over time, {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} were [[Palatalization#Historical (diachronic) palatalization|palatalized]] to {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}} before the [[front vowel]]s ‹<big>{{sm|e}}</big>›, ‹<big>{{sm|i}}</big>›, ‹<big>{{sm|y}}</big>›, ‹<big>{{sm|ae}}</big>› and ‹<big>{{sm|oe}}</big>›.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''c'''entvm}}</big>
| '''ch'''ange
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''c'''apvt}}</big>
| s'''c'''arf
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|ch}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʰ}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''ch'''arta}}</big>
| '''c'''ar
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|d}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''d'''ecem}}</big>
| '''d'''eck
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|f}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big> <ref>The phoneme represented by ‹<big>{{sm|f}}</big>› may have also represented a [[voiceless bilabial fricative|bilabial]] {{IPAblink|ɸ}} in Early Latin or perhaps in free variation with {{IPAblink|f}}.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''f'''amilia}}</big>
| '''f'''amily
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|g}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big> <ref name="palatalized"/>
| <big>{{sm|'''g'''ens}}</big>
| '''j'''in
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''g'''vttvr}}</big>
| '''g'''utter
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|gn}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋn}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|i'''gn'''is}}</big>
| so'''ng n'''umber; o'''ni'''on
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|h}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>∅</big><ref>Generally silent. Sometimes medial ‹<big>{{sm|i}}</big>› was pronounced as [k] in Ecclesiatical Latin (e.g. <big>{{sm|mīhi}}</big>), whereas it was silent in Classical Latin.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''h'''erba}}</big>
| '''h'''er
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|i}}</big> <ref name=semivowel>The Latin letters ‹<big>{{sm|i}}</big>› and ‹<big>{{sm|v}}</big>› originally represented both vowels ({{IPA|/ɪ, iː/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ, uː/}}) and [[approximant consonant]]s ({{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}).  In modern texts, the consonantal uses of ‹<big>{{sm|i}}</big>› are sometimes changed to ‹<big>{{sm|j}}</big>›, and the vowel uses of ‹<big>{{sm|v}}</big>› are changed to ‹<big>{{sm|u}}</big>›.</ref>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big> <ref>{{IPA|/j/}} appears at the beginning of words before a vowel, or, typically, in the middle of the words between two vowels; in the latter case, the sound is usually geminate, and is sometimes spelled accordingly (for instance in [[Cicero]] and [[Julius Caesar]]): <big>{{sm|iūs}}</big> {{IPA|[juːs]}}; <big>{{sm|cuius}}</big> {{IPA|[ˈkujjus]}}.  Since a geminate in the middle of a word makes the preceding syllable [[syllable weight|heavy]], the vowel in that syllable is traditionally marked with a [[macron]] in dictionaries, although the vowel is usually short. Compound words preserve the {{IPA|/j/}} of the element that begins with it, within reason: <big>{{sm|adiectīvum}}</big> {{IPA|/adjekˈtiːwum/}}. Note that intervocalic ‹<big>{{sm|i}}</big>› can sometimes represent a separate syllabic vowel {{IPA|/ɪ, iː/}}, such as in the [[praenomen]] [[Gaius|<big>{{sm|gaius}}</big>]] {{IPA|[ˈɡaː.i.us]}}.{{Dubious|date=September 2011}}</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''i'''ove}}</big>
| '''y'''odel
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|k}}</big> <ref>‹<big>{{sm|c}}</big>› and ‹<big>{{sm|k}}</big>› both represent {{IPA|/k/}}. In archaic inscriptions of [[Old Latin|Early Latin]], ‹<big>{{sm|c}}</big>› was primarily used before ‹<big>{{sm|i}}</big>› and ‹<big>{{sm|e}}</big>›, while ‹<big>{{sm|k}}</big>› was used before ‹<big>{{sm|a}}</big>›. However, in classical times, ‹<big>{{sm|k}}</big>› had been replaced by ‹<big>{{sm|c}}</big>›, except in a very small number of words.</ref>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''k'''alendae}}</big>
| '''c'''ar
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|l}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big> <ref>{{IPA|/l/}} is thought to have had two allophones in Latin, comparable to many varieties of modern English.  According to Allen, it was [[velarized alveolar lateral approximant|velarized]] {{IPAblink|ɫ}} as in English ''full'' at the end of a word or before another consonant; in other positions it was a plain [[alveolar lateral approximant]] {{IPAblink|l}} as in English ''look''.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''l'''actis}}</big>
| '''l'''u'''ll'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|m}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big> <ref>It is likely that, by the Classical period, {{IPA|/m/}} at the end of words was pronounced weakly, either [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] or simply by [[nasal vowel|nasalizing]] the preceding vowel. For instance <big>{{sm|decem}}</big> "ten" was probably pronounced {{IPA|[ˈdɛkɛ̃]}}. In addition to the metrical features of [[Latin poetry]], the fact that all such endings in words of more than two syllables lost the final {{smallcaps|‹m›}} in the descendant Romance languages strengthens this hypothesis.  For simplicity, and because this is not known for certain, {{smallcaps|‹m›}} is always represented as the phoneme {{IPA|/m/}} here and in other references.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''m'''ale}}</big>
| '''m'''an
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|n}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big> <ref>[[Assimilation (linguistics)|Assimilated]] to [[velar nasal|velar]] {{IPAblink|ŋ}} before [[velar consonant]]s {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}}.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''n'''ex}}</big>
| '''n'''ext
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|p}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''p'''ax}}</big>
| s'''p'''an
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|ph}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|pʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''ph'''aretra}}</big>
| '''p'''an
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|qv}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʷ}}</big> <ref>In the classical period, {{IPA|/kʷ/}} became [[labio-palatalization|labio-palatalized]] {{IPA|[kᶣ]}} when followed by a front vowel {{IPA|/ɪ, iː, ɛ, eː/}}. Thus ''<big>{{sm|quī}}</big>'' was realized as {{IPA|[kᶣiː]}}.</ref>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kw}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''qv'''attvor}}</big>
| '''qu'''ack
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|r}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big> <ref>The Latin [[rhotic]] was either an [[alveolar trill]] {{IPAblink|r}}, like Spanish or Italian ‹rr›, or maybe an [[alveolar tap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, with a tap of the tongue against the upper gums, as in Spanish ‹r›.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''r'''egio}}</big>
| 
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|s}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big> <ref>In Late and Ecclesiastical Latin, intervocalically {{IPA|/s/}} is often [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voiced]] to {{IPAblink|z}}.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''s'''ex}}</big>
| '''s'''end
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|t}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''t'''abvla}}</big>
| s'''t'''and
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|th}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|tʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''th'''alamvs}}</big>
| '''t'''an
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|v}}</big> <ref name=semivowel/>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''v'''erbvm}}</big>
| '''w'''est; '''v'''est
|-
|<big>{{IPA|w}}</big> <ref>‹<big>{{sm|v}}</big>› has remained {{IPA|/w/}} when following ‹<big>{{sm|g}}</big>›, ‹<big>{{sm|q}}</big>› or ‹<big>{{sm|s}}</big>›. In modern texts, {{IPA|/v/}} is now distinguished from the other two sounds in writing (‹<big>{{sm|v}}</big>›, as opposed to ‹<big>{{sm|u}}</big>›)</ref>
| <big>{{sm|s'''v'''āvis}}</big>
| s'''w'''ift
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|x}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPA|ks}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''x'''iphiās}}</big>
| si'''x'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|z}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}, {{IPAlink|dz}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''z'''ēlvs}}</big>
| '''z'''est, a'''dz'''e
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em" 
! colspan=5| [[Vowel]]s<ref name="long">Classical Latin distinguished between [[Vowel length|long and short vowels]], and the use of the [[Apex_(diacritic)|apex]], which indicates long vowels, was quite widespread during classical and postclassical times.  In modern texts, long vowels are often indicated by a [[macron]] ‹ā, ē, ī, ō, ū›, and short vowels are sometimes indicated by a [[breve]] ‹ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ›.  The length distinction began to fade by Late Latin.</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Latin alphabet|Latin<br>alphabet]]<ref name="capital"/> !! colspan="2"| IPA !! rowspan="2"| Examples !! rowspan=2| Nearest English equivalent
|-
! [[Classical Latin|Cl.]] !! [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Ecc.]]
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|a}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|ch'''a'''rta}}</big>
| sof'''a'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|aː}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|f'''ā'''bvla}}</big>
| f'''a'''ther, sof'''a'''
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|e}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"| <big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}/{{IPAlink|e}}</big><ref name=e>Generally [ɛ] when stressed, [e] when unstressed.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|'''e'''st}}</big>
| b'''e'''st
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|eː}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|s'''ē'''}}</big>
| b'''ay'''
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|i}}</big> <ref name=semivowel/>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|t'''i'''m'''i'''da}}</big>
| k'''i'''n
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|iː}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''ī'''nsvla}}</big>
| k'''ee'''n
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|o}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}/{{IPAlink|o}}</big> <ref name=o>Generally [ɔ] when stressed, [o] when unstressed.</ref>
| <big>{{sm|n'''o'''va}}</big>
| p'''o'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|oː}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|n'''ō'''n}}</big>
| c'''oa'''l
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|v}}</big> <ref name=semivowel/>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|n'''v'''nc}}</big>
| w'''oo'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|uː}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|l'''v̅'''na}}</big>
| f'''oo'''d
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{sm|y}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʏ}}</big> <ref>‹<big>{{sm|y}}</big>› was used in Greek loanwords with [[Upsilon (letter)|upsilon]] ‹{{lang|el|ϒ›}}›, representing {{IPA|/ʏ/}} or {{IPA|/yː/}}.  Latin originally had no [[close front rounded vowel]] as a distinctive phoneme, and speakers tended to pronounce such loanwords with {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} (in archaic Latin) or {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/iː/}} (in classical and late Latin) if they were unable to produce {{IPAblink|ʏ}} and {{IPAblink|yː}}.</ref>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|c'''y'''clvs}}</big>
| p'''u'''re
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|yː}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|c'''ȳ'''ma}}</big>
| c'''u'''te; k'''e'''n
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|an}}, {{sm|um}}, etc.</big><ref>A vowel followed by an {{sm|m}} or {{sm|n}} at the end of certain syllables represents a [[nasal vowel]]. Such vowels undergo the same [[elision]] process as oral vowels.</ref>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ã, ũ,}} etc.</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|an, um,}} etc.</big><br/><small>''(as written)''</small>
| <big>{{sm|m'''on'''str'''vm'''}} {{IPA|[mõːstrũː]}}</big>
| ([[nasal vowel]]s)
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|ae}}, {{sm|æ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|aj}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}/{{IPAlink|e}}</big> <ref name=e />
| <big>{{sm|terr'''ae'''}}</big>
| s'''igh'''; s'''e'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|oe}}, {{sm|œ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|oj}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}/{{IPAlink|e}}</big> <ref name=e />
| <big>{{sm|ph'''oe'''nicia}}</big>
| b'''oy'''; b'''e'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|av}}</big>
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPA|aw}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|l'''av'''dat}}</big>
| c'''ow'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|ev}}</big>
|align="center" colspan=2 |<big>{{IPA|ew}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|'''ev'''rōpa}}</big>
| 
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{sm|vi}}</big>
|align="center" colspan=2 |<big>{{IPA|uj}}</big>
| <big>{{sm|c'''vi'''}}</big>
| 
|}

{| class="IPA wikitable" style="margin: 1em" 
! colspan="3"| Other symbols used for Latin
|-
! IPA !! Examples !!
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ː}}</big>
| 
| Indicates a [[Vowel length|long vowel]]<ref name="long"/> or [[gemination|geminated]] consonant.<ref name="geminated">Latin used [[Gemination|geminated]] consonants, which were often written with a doubled letter: <big>{{sm|ānus}}</big> {{IPA|/ˈaːnʊs/}}, <big>{{sm|ānnus}}</big> {{IPA|/ˈaːnnʊs/}}. Geminated consonants can also be represented in IPA by doubling the consonant, or with the length marker ‹{{IPA|ː}}› : <big>{{sm|ānnus}}</big> {{IPA|/ˈaːnːʊs/}}.</ref>
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| 
| [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable)<ref>In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the [[penult|penultimate syllable]] if this is [[Syllable weight|heavy]], otherwise on the [[antepenult|antepenultimate syllable]].</ref>
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|.}}</big>
| 
| Syllable marker, generally used between vowels in [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Latin]]