hiwiki:IPA for Greek का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Modern Greek]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  Today, pronunciation of Ancient Greek is mostly based on Erasmian pronunciation. However, native Greek speakers use Modern Greek pronunciations for Ancient Greek words and phrases.

See [[Ancient Greek phonology]] and [[Modern Greek phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of these languages.

{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" | 
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Greek alphabet|Greek<br>alphabet]] !! colspan=2|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! rowspan=2|Examples !! rowspan=2|English equivalent<br> for Modern Greek
|-
! [[Ancient Greek|Anc.]] !! [[Modern Greek|Mod.]]
|-
|align="center" | <span style="font-size:140%">{{lang|grc|&nbsp;῾}}</span>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
|align="center" |{{IPA|∅}}
| {{lang|grc|ἥρως}} {{IPA|[hɛ̌ːrɔːs]}}, {{IPA|[ˈiros]}}
| '''h'''ero
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>β</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''β'''ίος}} {{IPA|[ˈvios]}}
| '''v'''et
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>γ</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''γ'''άλα}} {{IPA|[ˈɣala]}}
| 
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʝ}}</big><ref name=palatal> {{lang|el|‹γ›, ‹κ›, ‹χ›, ‹γγ›, ‹γκ›, ‹γχ›}} represent palatal {{IPA|[ʝ c ç ɲɟ ɲç]}} only before the [[front vowel]]s {{IPAblink|i}} and {{IPAblink|e̞|e}}.  The velar and palatal series series are sometimes analyzed as [[allophone]]s of a single dorsal series.</ref>
| {{lang|el|'''γ'''η}} {{IPA|[ʝi]}}
| '''y'''ellow
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>δ</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ð}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''δ'''ημοκρατία}} {{IPA|[ðimokraˈtia]}}
| '''th'''en
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>ζ</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|d͡z}}</big><ref>Also [[Zeta#Pronunciation|may have been]] {{IPA|/zd/}}.</ref>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ζ'''ώνη}} {{IPA|[ˈzoni]}}
| '''z'''ero
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>θ</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|θ}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''θ'''εολογία}} {{IPA|[θe̞oloˈʝia]}}
| '''th'''ing
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>κ</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''κ'''αλός}} {{IPA|[kaˈlos]}}
| s'''k'''y
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|c}}</big><ref name=palatal/>
| {{lang|el|'''κ'''ύκλος}} {{IPA|[ˈciklos]}}
| ''somewhat like'' '''k'''ey
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>λ</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| {{lang|el|''' λ'''εξικό}} {{IPA|[le̞ksiˈko]}}
| '''l'''ie
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʎ}}</big><ref name=ln>{{IPAblink|ʎ}} and  {{IPAblink|ɲ}} are usually analysed as clusters of {{IPA|/li/}} and {{IPA|/ni/}} respectively, and are also spelled accordingly in Greek orthography.  Palatalized pronunciation presupposes the presence of ''yet another'' vowel after the palatalized consonant and its following /i/.  If there is no subsequent second vowel, palatalization does not occur.</ref>
| {{lang|el|ε'''λι'''ά}} {{IPA|[e̞ˈʎa]}}
| mi'''lli'''on
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>μ</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| {{lang|el|''' μ'''ηχανικός}} {{IPA|[mixaniˈkos]}}
| '''m'''ine
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>ν</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ν'''έος}} {{IPA|[ˈne̞os]}}
| '''n'''i'''n'''e
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big><ref name=ln/>
| '''νι'''ότη {{IPA|[ˈɲoti]}}
| o'''ni'''on
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>ξ</big>}}
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>ks</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ξ'''ενοφοβία}} [kse̞nofoˈvia]
| ta'''x'''
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>π</big>}}
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''π'''ρόγραμμα}} {{IPA|[ˈproɣrama]}}
| s'''p'''y
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>ρ</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big><ref>May be a [[alveolar tap|tap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}} intervocalically.</ref>
| {{lang|el|'''ρ'''ητορική}} {{IPA|[ritoriˈci]}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Alveolar trill|trilled]] ''r'', as in Italian and Spanish
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|grc|<big>ῥ</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|r̥}}</big><ref>May have been {{IPA|/rʰ/}}.</ref>
| 
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>σ</big>}}<ref>{{lang|el|‹σ›}} represents {{IPAblink|z}} before {{IPA|[b v m r ɣ]}}  eg: {{lang|el|Σμήνος}} {{IPA|[ˈzminos]}}</ref>
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''σ'''ύστημα}} {{IPA|[ˈsistima]}}
| '''s'''ea
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>τ</big>}}
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''τ'''ηλέφωνο}} {{IPA|[tiˈle̞fono]}}
| s'''t'''ep
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>φ</big>}}
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|pʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''φ'''αινόμενο}} {{IPA|[fe̞ˈnome̞no]}}
| '''f'''ly
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>χ</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|kʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''χ'''άος}}  {{IPA|[ˈxaos]}}
| lo'''ch''' ''(Scottish)''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big><ref name=palatal/>
| {{lang|el|'''χ'''ειρόγραφος}} {{IPA|[çiˈroɣrafos]}}
| ''(often)'' '''hu'''man
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>ψ</big>}}
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPA|ps}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ψ'''υχοθεραπεία}} {{IPA|[psixoθe̞raˈpia]}}
| ti'''ps'''
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>γγ</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋɡ, ŋɣ}}</big><ref name=prenasal>{{lang|el|γκ, μπ, ντ}} usually represent {{IPA|[ŋg~ɲɟ mb nd]}} when found in the middle of a Greek word, {{IPA|[g~ɟ b d]}} when found in any foreign word or in the beginning of the a Greek one. eg: {{lang|el|αμπέλι}} {{IPA|[amˈbe̞li]}}, μπαμπάς {{IPA|[baˈbas]}}</ref>
| {{lang|el|α'''γγ'''ούρι}} {{IPA|[aŋˈguri]}}/{{lang|el|συ'''γγ'''ραφέας}} {{IPA|[siŋɣraˈfe̞as]}}
|  fi'''ng'''er
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɲɟ, ŋʝ}}</big><ref name=palatal/><ref name=prenasal/>
| {{lang|el|ά'''γγ'''ελος}} {{IPA|[ˈaɲɟe̞los]}}/{{lang|el|ε'''γγ'''ενής}} {{IPA|[eɲʝe̞ˈnis]}}
|  a'''ng'''el 
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>γκ</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}, {{IPA|ŋɡ}}</big><ref name=prenasal/>
| {{lang|el|ε'''γκ'''ώμιο}} {{IPA|[e̞ŋˈgomio]}}
| '''g'''ood, fi'''ng'''er
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɟ}}, {{IPA|ɲɟ}}</big><ref name=palatal/><ref name=prenasal/>
| {{lang|el|ε'''γκ'''υκλοπαίδεια}} {{IPA|[e̞ɲɟikloˈpe̞ðia]}}
| ar'''g'''ue, a'''ng'''ular
|-
|align="center" rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>γχ</big>}}
|align="center" rowspan=2|
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋx}}</big><ref name=prenasal/>
| {{lang|el|ά'''γχ'''ος}} {{IPA|[ˈaŋxos]}}
|  
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɲç}}</big><ref name=palatal/><ref name=prenasal/>
| {{lang|el|ε'''γχ'''είριση}} {{IPA|[e̞ɲˈçirisi]}}
|  
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>γξ</big>}}
|align="center" |
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋks}}</big>
| {{lang|el|έλε'''γξ'''α}} {{IPA|[ˈe̞le̞ŋksa]}}
| tha'''nks'''
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>μπ</big>}}
|align="center" |
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}, {{IPA|mb}}</big><ref name=prenasal/>
| {{lang|el|ε'''μπ'''άθεια}} {{IPA|[e̞mˈbaθia]}}
| '''b'''ook, a'''mb'''le
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>ντ</big>}}
|align="center" |
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|d}}, {{IPA|nd}}</big><ref name=prenasal/>
| {{lang|el|ε'''ντ'''άξει}} {{IPA|[e̞nˈdaksi]}}
| '''d'''uck, u'''nd'''er
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>τσ</big>}}
|align="center" |
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|t͡s}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''τσ'''άι}} {{IPA|[ˈt͡sai]}}
| ca'''ts'''
|-
|align="center" |{{lang|el|<big>τζ</big>}}
|align="center" |
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|d͡z}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''τζ'''αζ}} {{IPA|[ˈd͡zaz]}}
| pa'''ds'''
|-
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=5| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Greek alphabet|Greek<br>alphabet]] !! colspan="2"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! rowspan="2"| Examples !! rowspan=2| English equivalent<br> for Modern Greek
|-
! [[Ancient Greek|Anc.]] !! [[Modern Greek|Mod.]]
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>α</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
|align=center rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''α'''λφ'''ά'''βητο}} {{IPA|[alˈfavito]}}
|rowspan=2 | t'''a'''r, sp'''a'''
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|aː}}</big>
|
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>αι</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ai̯, aj}}</big>
|align=center rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|e̞|e̞}}</big>
|
|rowspan=2 | ''between'' b'''e'''t ''and'' b'''ai'''t
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>ε</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|e̞}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ε'''ν'''έ'''ργεια}} {{IPA|[e̞ˈne̞rʝia]}}
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>ει</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|eː}}</big>
|align=center rowspan=8|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big><ref>The large number of mergers into Modern Greek {{IPA|/i/}} is called [[Iotacism]].</ref><ref name=soften>Letters normally representing {{IPA|/i/}} can also indicate a palatal pronunciation of dorsal consonants when appearing before other vowels: i.e instead of velar {{IPA|[ɣ k x ɡ]}}, palatal {{IPA|[ʝ c ç ɟ]}} occur (eg: {{lang|el|γιαγιά}} {{IPA|[ʝaˈʝa]}}, {{lang|el|κιόλας}} {{IPA|[ˈcolas]}}, {{lang|el|χιόνι}} {{IPA|[ˈçoni]}},  {{lang|el|μαγκιά}} {{IPA|[maˈɟa]}}.  A similar process has a palatal fricative follow other consonants; {{IPAblink|ʝ}} follows voiced consonants {{IPA|[v b d ð z r]}} (eg: {{lang|el|χέρια}} {{IPA|[ˈce̞rʝa]}}, {{lang|el|βαριέμαι}} {{IPA|[varˈʝe̞me̞]}}) and {{IPAblink|ç}} follows voiceless consonants {{IPA|[f p θ t s t͡s]}} (eg: {{lang|el|καρφιά}} {{IPA|[karfˈça]}}, {{lang|el|ποιος}} {{IPA|[pços]}}, {{lang|el|ρεβύθια}} {{IPA|[re̞ˈviθça]}}).  Similarly {{IPAblink|ɲ}} follows {{IPAblink|m}} under similar situations (eg: {{lang|el|μια}} {{IPA|[mɲa]}}, {{lang|el|καλαμιά}} {{IPA|[kalaˈmɲa]}}</ref>
| {{lang|el|ενέργ'''ει'''α}} {{IPA|[e̞ˈne̞rʝia]}}
|rowspan=8 | s'''ee'''m
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>η</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''η'''θικ'''ή'''}} {{IPA|[iθiˈci]}}
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>ι</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ι'''στορ'''ί'''α}} {{IPA|[istoˈria]}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|iː}}</big>
|
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|{{lang|el|<big>υ</big>}}<ref>When following a vowel, {{lang|el|‹υ›}} represents a pronunciation with {{IPAblink|f}} before {{lang|el|‹θ›, ‹κ›, ‹ξ›, ‹π›, ‹σ›, ‹τ›, ‹φ›, ‹χ›, ‹ψ›}}, and a pronunciation with {{IPAblink|v}} elsewhere.</ref>
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''υ'''γιεινή}}  {{IPA|[iʝiiˈni]}}
|-
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|yː}}</big>
| 
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>οι</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɔi̯, oj}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''οι'''κονομία}} {{IPA|[ikonoˈmia]}}
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>υι</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ui̯}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''υι'''ός}} {{IPA|[iˈos]}}
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>ο</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
|align=center rowspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|o̞|o}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ο'''ργανισμ'''ό'''ς}} {{IPA|[orɣanizˈmos]}}
|rowspan=2 | h'''o'''pe
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>ω</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ώ'''ρα}} {{IPA|[ˈora]}}
|-
|align=center |<big>αυ</big>
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|au̯}}</big>
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|av, af}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''αύ'''ρα}} {{IPA|[ˈavra]}} /{{lang|el|'''αυ'''θεντικός}} {{IPA|[afθendiˈkos]}}
| {{IPA|[a]}} then {{IPAblink|v}} / {{IPAblink|f}}
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>ευ</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|eu̯}}</big>
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|e̞v, e̞f}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ευ'''ρώπη}} {{IPA|[e̞vˈropi]}} / {{lang|el|'''ευ'''φορία}} {{IPA|[e̞foˈria]}}
| {{IPAblink|e̞}} then {{IPAblink|v}} / {{IPAblink|f}}
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>ηυ</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|ɛːu̯}}</big>
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|iv, if}}</big>
| {{lang|el|εφ'''ηύ'''ρα}} [e̞ˈfivra] /  {{lang|el|'''ηυ'''ξημένος}} [ifksiˈme̞nos]
| {{IPAblink|i}} then {{IPAblink|v}} / {{IPAblink|f}}
|-
|align=center |{{lang|el|<big>ου</big>}}
|align=center |<big>{{IPA|oː}}</big>
|align=center |<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| {{lang|el|'''ου'''τοπία}} {{IPA|[utoˈpia]}}
| b'''oo'''t
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3"| [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] and [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples !!
|-
! colspan="3"| Ancient Greek
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|á}}</big>
| rowspan="2" |
| Acute: High tone on short vowels
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ǎː}}<big>
| Acute: Rising tone on long vowels and diphthongs
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|a}}</big>
| 
| Grave: low tone ({{IPA|[à]}})
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|âː}}</big>
|
| Circumflex: Falling tone on long vowels and diphthongs
|-
! colspan="3"| Modern Greek
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ˈa}}</big>
| {{lang|el|άλλος}}<br>{{IPA|[ˈallos]}}
| Stress mark: placed before the stressed syllable or vowel.<br>Represented in [[monotonic orthography]] by [[tonos]].<br>Occurs on one of final three syllables, including any [[enclitic]]s.
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|Greek]]

==External links==
* [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=  Greek dictionary with pronunciation]
* [http://www.foundalis.com/lan/grphdetl.htm#p_sz The Details of Modern Greek Phonetics and Phonology]