hiwiki:IPA for German का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[German language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See [[German phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.

{| style="background:none"
|-
| valign="top" | 
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''B'''all}}<ref name="lenis">The German [[lenis]] consonants {{IPA|[b d ɡ z ʒ dʒ]}} are often pronounced without [[voice (phonetics)|voice]] as {{IPA|[b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ z̥ ʒ̊ d̥ʒ̊]}}. In Southern German, the voiceless pronunciation prevails.</ref>||'''b'''all
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big>
| {{lang|de|i'''ch''', dur'''ch'''}}||'''h'''ue
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''d'''ann}}<ref name="lenis" />||'''d'''one
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''F'''ass, '''V'''ogel}}||'''f'''uss, 
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''G'''ast}}<ref name="lenis" />||'''g'''uest
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''h'''at}}||'''h'''ut
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''j'''a}}||'''y'''ard
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''k'''alt}}||'''c'''old
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''L'''ast}}||'''l'''ast
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''M'''ast}}||'''m'''ust
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''N'''aht}}||'''n'''ot
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|la'''ng'''}}||lo'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''P'''akt}}||'''p'''ack
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|pf}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Pf'''ahl}}|| p + f
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʁ}}</big>
|rowspan="3" | {{lang|de|'''R'''ast}}<ref name="r-allophones">Pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}} in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only {{IPA|[r]}}, this pronunciation is nowadays found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria, while in other regions the uvular pronunciation prevails, with the allophones {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}}. In many regions except for Switzerland, the {{IPA|/r/}} in the [[syllable coda]] is vocalized to {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} after long vowels or after all vowels, and {{IPA|/ər/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɐ]}}</ref>|| like a [[Voiced uvular fricative|French ''R'']]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʀ}}</big>
| like a [[Uvular trill|French trilled ''R'']] 
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
| like an [[alveolar trill|Italian ''R'']] 
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ha'''s'''t}}||fa'''s'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''sch'''al, '''S'''tein}}||'''sh'''all
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''T'''al}}||'''t'''all
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Z'''ahl}}||ca'''ts'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ma'''tsch'''}}||ma'''tch'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''w'''as}}||'''v'''ast
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ba'''ch'''}}<ref>/x/ is realized as a uvular fricative {{IPAblink|χ}} after {{IPA|/a/, /aː/}}, and often {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, and {{IPA|/aʊ/}}.</ref>||lo'''ch''' ''(Scottish)''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ha'''s'''e}}<ref name="lenis" />||ho'''s'''e
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʔ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|beamtet}}<ref>In many varieties of German except for [[Swiss Standard German]], all initial vowels are preceded by {{IPA|[ʔ]}}.</ref><br />([bəˈʔamtət])||the [[glottal stop]] in ''uh-oh!''
|-
! colspan="3" | Non-native consonants
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Dsch'''ungel}}<ref name="lenis" />||'''j'''ungle
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''G'''enie}}<ref name="lenis" />||bei'''g'''e, '''Zs'''a '''Zs'''a
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
|align="center" |<big> ˈ </big>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|de|'''Bahn'''hof'''stra'''ße}}<br />([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])
| rowspan="2" | as in {{IPA|ˈbattleˌship}}
|-
|align="center" |<big> ˌ </big>
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="3"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
! colspan="3"| [[Monophthong]]s
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
| {{lang|de|D'''a'''ch}}||br'''a''' (but shorter)
|-
|align="center" |<big> aː</big>
| {{lang|de|B'''ah'''n}}||br'''a'''
|-
|align="center" |<big> eː</big>
| {{lang|de|B'''ee'''t}}||f'''a'''ce 
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|B'''e'''tt, h'''ä'''tte}}||b'''e'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big> ɛː</big>
| {{lang|de|w'''äh'''le}}<ref>[ɛː] is often replaced by {{IPA|[eː]}}.</ref>||as above but longer; like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] English b'''are'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big> iː</big>
| {{lang|de|v'''ie'''l}}||m'''ee'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|b'''i'''st}}||s'''i'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big> oː</big>
| {{lang|de|B'''oo'''t}}||b'''o'''ne
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|P'''o'''st}}||c'''au'''ght (but shorter)
|-
|align="center" |<big> øː</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''l}}||somewhat like h'''u'''rl; French ''d'''eu'''x
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|œ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|g'''ö'''ttlich}}||somewhat like h'''u'''rt; French ''s'''œ'''ur''
|-
|align="center" |<big> uː</big>
| {{lang|de|H'''u'''t}}||tr'''ue'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|P'''u'''tz}}||t'''oo'''k
|-
|align="center" |<big> yː</big>
| {{lang|de|R'''ü'''be}}||French ''r'''ue'''''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʏ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|f'''ü'''llt}}||somewhat like the above
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
|align="center" |<big> aɪ</big>
| {{lang|de|w'''ei'''t}}||t'''ie'''
|-
|align="center" |<big> aʊ</big>
| {{lang|de|H'''au'''t}}||h'''ow'''
|-
|align="center" |<big> ɔʏ</big>
| {{lang|de|H'''eu''', R'''äu'''ber}}||b'''oy'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Vowel reduction|Reduced vowels]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ob'''er'''}}<ref name="r-allophones" />||f'''u'''n
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|de|halt'''e'''}}||comm'''a'''
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Semivowel]]s
|-
|align="center" |<big> ɐ̯</big>
| {{lang|de|Uh'''r'''}}<ref name="r-allophones" />||f'''u'''n
|-
|align="center" |<big> i̯</big>
| {{lang|de|Stud'''i'''e}}||stud'''i'''o
|-
|align="center" |<big> u̯</big>
| {{lang|de|akt'''u'''ell}}||act'''u'''al
|-
! colspan="3" | Non-native vowels
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
| {{lang|de|M'''e'''than}}||(short [eː])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| {{lang|de|v'''i'''tal}}||cit'''y''' (short [iː])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
| {{lang|de|M'''o'''ral}}||(short [oː])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ø}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''konom}}||(short [øː])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| {{lang|de|k'''u'''lant}}||(short [uː])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ps'''y'''chologie}}||(short [yː])
|-
|align="center" |<big>ã</big>
| {{lang|de|P'''en'''see}}<ref name=nasal>Nasal vowels are sometimes replaced by the corresponding short oral vowel and the velar nasal {{IPAblink|ŋ}}: {{IPA|[aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ]}}.</ref>||([[Nasal vowel|nasalized]] {{IPAblink|a}})
|-
|align="center" |<big> ãː</big>
| {{lang|de|Gourm'''and'''}}<ref name=nasal />||(long [[Nasal vowel|nasalized]] {{IPAblink|a}})
|-
|align="center" |<big> ɛ̃</big>
| {{lang|de|t'''im'''brieren}}<ref name=nasal />||([[Nasal vowel|nasalized]] {{IPAblink|ɛ}})
|-
|align="center" |<big> ɛ̃ː</big>
| {{lang|de|T'''eint'''}}<ref name=nasal />||(long [[Nasal vowel|nasalized]] {{IPAblink|ɛ}})
|-
|align="center" |<big> ɔ̃</big>
| {{lang|de|F'''on'''due}}<ref name=nasal />||([[Nasal vowel|nasalized]] {{IPAblink|ɔ}})
|-
|align="center" |<big> ɔ̃ː</big>
| {{lang|de|F'''ond'''}}<ref name=nasal />||(long [[Nasal vowel|nasalized]])
|-
|align="center" |<big> œ̃</big>
| {{lang|de|L'''un'''dist}}<ref name=nasal />||([[Nasal vowel|nasalized]] {{IPAblink|œ}})
|-
|align="center" |<big> œ̃ː</big>
| {{lang|de|Parf'''um'''}}<ref name=nasal />||(long [[Nasal vowel|nasalized]] {{IPAblink|œ}})
|-
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Duden 6: Das Aussprachewörterbuch'' (3d edition, 1990, ISBN 3-411-20916-X).
[[Category:Wikipedia IPA|German]]