Rove beetle का स्रोत देखें

{{short description|Family of beetles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Rove beetles
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Rhaetian|Recent}}<!---may change after going through the literature--->
| image = Jacobs14.jpg
| image_caption = Rove beetles of western Eurasia
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Staphylinidae
| authority = Latreille, 1802
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = 
* [[Aleocharinae]]
* [[Apateticinae]]
* [[Dasycerinae]]
* [[Empelinae]]
* [[Euaesthetinae]]
* [[Glypholomatinae]]
* [[Habrocerinae]]
* [[Leptotyphlinae]]
* [[Megalopsidiinae]]
* [[Micropeplinae]]
* [[Microsilphinae]]
* [[Neophoninae]]
* [[Olisthaerinae]]
* [[Omaliinae]]
* [[Osoriinae]]
* [[Oxyporinae]]
* [[Oxytelinae]]
* [[Paederinae]]
* [[Phloeocharinae]]
* [[Piestinae]]
* [[Proteininae]]
* [[Protopselaphinae]]
* [[Pselaphinae]]
* [[Pseudopsinae]]
* [[Scaphidiinae]]
* [[Solieriinae]]
* [[Staphylininae]]
* [[Steninae]]
* [[Tachyporinae]]
* [[Trichophyinae]]
* [[Trigonurinae]]
}}

The '''rove beetles''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] ('''Staphylinidae''') of [[beetle]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gomes Gonçalves|first=Marcos Paulo|date=December 2017|title=Relationship Between Meteorological Conditions and Beetles in Mata de Cocal|journal=Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia|volume=32|issue=4|pages=543–554|doi=10.1590/0102-7786324003|issn=0102-7786|doi-access=free}}</ref> primarily distinguished by their short [[elytra]] (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdominal segments exposed. With roughly 63,000 species in thousands of genera, the group is currently recognized as the largest extant family of organisms. It is an ancient group, with [[fossil]]ized rove beetles known from the [[Triassic]], 200 million years ago, and possibly even earlier if the genus ''Leehermania'' proves to be a member of this family.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chatzimanolis|first1=Stylianos|last2=Grimaldi|first2=David A.|last3=Engel|first3=Michael S.|last4=Fraser|first4=Nicholas C.|title=''Leehermania prorova'', the Earliest Staphyliniform Beetle, from the Late Triassic of Virginia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)|journal=American Museum Novitates|date=2012|issue=3761|pages=1– 28|doi=10.1206/3761.2|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/2246/6393/1/N3761.pdf|hdl=2246/6393|s2cid=86429652}}</ref> They are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of beetles, and commonly encountered in terrestrial ecosystems.

One well-known species is the [[devil's coach-horse beetle]]. For some other species, see [[List of rove beetle (Staphylinidae) species recorded in Britain|list of British rove beetles]].

==Anatomy==
As might be expected for such a large family, considerable variation exists among the species. Sizes range from <1 to {{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}}, with most in the 2–8&nbsp;mm range, and the form is generally elongated, with some rove beetles being ovoid in shape. Colors range from yellow and red to reddish-brown to brown to black to iridescent blue and green. The [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]]  usually have 11 segments and are [[Wiktionary:filiform|filiform]], with moderate clubbing in some genera. The [[abdomen]] may be very long and flexible, and some rove beetles superficially resemble [[earwig]]s.These beetles are able to fold themselves into a sort of origami shape. 

Some members of [[Paederina]] (specifically the genus ''[[Paederus]]''), a subtribe of [[Paederinae]], contain a potent [[vesicant]] in their [[haemolymph]] that can produce a skin irritation called [[Paederus dermatitis|dermatitis linearis]],<ref name=linearis>{{cite book |last1=Capinera |first1=John L|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1 |pages=1179–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC|author2=J. Howard Frank |chapter=Dermatitis linearis|quote=The 28 species thus far shown to produce such a toxin belong to three of the 14 genera of Paederina, namely ''Paederus'', ''Paederidus'', and ''Megalopaederus''}}</ref> also known as ''Paederus'' dermatitis. The irritant [[pederin]] is highly toxic, more potent than cobra venom.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/Teksten/sylabus/52_Ectoparasites.doc | title = Ectoparasites | publisher = Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp | access-date = 2007-06-04 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070305234757/http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/Teksten/sylabus/52_Ectoparasites.doc | archive-date = 2007-03-05 }}</ref>

==Ecology==
Rove beetles are known from every type of [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] in which beetles occur, and their diets include just about everything except the living tissues of [[higher plant]]s, but now including higher plants with the discovery of the diet of ''Himalusa thailandensis''. Most rove beetles are [[predator]]s of insects and other invertebrates, living in forest leaf litter and similar decaying plant matter. They are also commonly found under stones, and around freshwater margins. 
Almost 400 species are known to live on ocean shores that are submerged at [[high tide]],<ref name ="Frank & Ahn">{{cite journal |author=J.H. Frank & K.-J. Ahn |year=2011 |title=Coastal Staphylinidae (Coleoptera): A worldwide checklist, biogeography and natural history |journal=[[ZooKeys]] |issue=107 |pages=1–98 |url=https://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/issue/107/ |doi=10.3897/zookeys.107.1651 |pmid=22792029 |pmc=3392188}}</ref> including the [[pictured rove beetle]],<ref name="Craig">{{cite journal |author=P. C. Craig |year=1970 |title=The behavior and distribution of the intertidal sand beetle, ''Thinopinus pictus'' (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) |jstor=1933627 |journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]] |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1012–1017 |doi=10.2307/1933627}}</ref> although these are much fewer than 1% of the worldwide total of Staphylinidae.  Other species have adapted to live as [[inquiline]]s in [[ant]] and [[termite]] colonies, and some live in mutualistic relationships with [[mammal]]s whereby they eat [[flea]]s and other parasites, benefiting the host. A few species, notably those of the genus ''[[Aleochara]]'', are scavengers and carrion feeders, or are parasitoids of other insects, particularly of certain fly pupae. To profit from the alleged advantages, several staphylinidae have been transferred into Italy, Hawaii, the continental United States, and Easter Island by practitioners. Another advantage of the rove beetle would be how these beetles are sensitive to changes in the environment, such as habitat alteration. By having such a characteristic, the beetles are a possible use to have in human-dominated environments, as a possible ecological disturbance indicator as tested with studies. 

Although rove beetles' appetites for other insects would seem to make them obvious candidates for [[biological control]] of pests, and empirically they are believed to be important controls in the wild, experiments using them have not been notably successful. Greater success is seen with those species that are parasitoids (genus ''Aleochara'').

Rove beetles of the genus ''Stenus'' are very interesting insects. They are specialist predators of small invertebrates such as [[collembola]]. Their labium can shoot out from the head using blood pressure. The thin rod of the labium ends in a pad of bristly hairs and hooks and between these hairs are small pores that exude an adhesive glue-like substance, which sticks to prey.<ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper, Ross]] (2007), ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]].</ref>

==Systematics==
Classification of the 63,650 (as of 2018) staphylinid species is ongoing and controversial, with some workers proposing an organization of as many as 10 separate families, but the current favored system is one of 32 subfamilies, about 167 tribes (some grouped into supertribes), and about 3,200 genera. About 400 new species are being described each year, and some estimates suggest three-quarters of tropical species are as yet undescribed.{{cn|date=October 2021}}


{{Gallery 
|noborder=yes
|align=Center
|width=120 | height=170
|file:Ocypus spec.jpg
 |''Ocypus'' sp.
|file:Staphylinus.olens.jpg
 |''[[Ocypus olens]]''
|file:Tachyporus obtusus01.jpg
 |''Tachyporus obtusus''
|file:Paederus littoralis01.jpg
 |''Paederus littoralis''
|File:Cordalia tsavoana Pace, 2008 (2912937616).jpg
 |''Cordalia tsavoana''
|File:Taiwanophodes minor.jpg
 |''Taiwanophodes minor''
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Ross H. Arnett, Jr.]] and [[Michael C. Thomas]], ''[[American Beetles]]'' (CRC Press, 2001), vol. 1
* Betz O., Irmler, U. and Klimaszewski, J. (eds.) ''Biology of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) - Life history, evolution, ecology and distribution'' (Springer, 2018)

(Méndez-Rojas, Cultid-Medina and Escobar, 2022)

==Important works==
For the [[Palaearctic]] fauna, the most up-to-date works are:
* Lohse, G.A. (1964) Familie: Staphylinidae. In: Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A. (Eds.), ''Die Käfer Mitteleuropas''. Band 4, Staphylinidae I (Micropeplinae bis Tachyporinae). Krefeld: Goecke & Evers Verlag, 264 pp.
* Lohse, G.A. (1974) Familie: Staphylinidae. In: Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A. (Eds.), ''Die Käfer Mitteleuropas''. Band 5, Staphylinidae II (Hypocyphtinae und Aleocharinae). Pselaphidae. Krefeld: Goecke & Evers Verlag, 381 pp.
* Lohse, G.A. (1989) Ergänzungen und Berichtigungen zu Freude-Harde-Lohse "''Die Käfer Mitteleuropas''" Band 5 (1974), pp.&nbsp;185–243 In: Lohse, G.A. & Lucht, W.H. (Eds.), Die Käfer Mitteleuropas. 1. Supplementband mit Katalogteil. Krefeld: Goecke & Evers Verlag, pp.&nbsp;185–243.

==Regional works==
Europe
* Lott, D.A. (2009). The Staphylinidae (rove beetles) of Britain and Ireland. Part 5: Scaphidiinae, Piestinae, Oxytelinae. ''Handbooks for the identification of British insects'', vol. 12, part 5. St Albans: Royal Entomological Society. British and Irish fauna only
* Tronquet, M. (2006). Catalogue iconographique des Coléoptères des Pyrénées-Orientales. Vol. 1: Staphylinidae. Supplément au Tome XV de la Revue de l’Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie. Perpignan: Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie.Extensively illustrated

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Staphylinidae}}
{{Commons category|Staphylinidae}}
* [http://www.toyen.uio.no/entomology/gusarov/library.htm Digital Library of Early Works on Staphylinidae]
* [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5832/1/B265v7.pdf Catalog of the Staphylinidae1758 to the end of the second millennium.][http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5832/1/B265v7.pdf]
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/beetles/rove_beetles.htm rove beetles of the world] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/beetles/fl_rove_beetles.htm rove beetles of Florida] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site

{{Coleoptera|4}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q467400}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rove beetle}}
[[Category:Staphylinidae]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Auguste Lameere]]