Caenogastropoda का स्रोत देखें

{{short description|Clade of sea snails}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Caenogastropoda various examples 2.jpg
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range | earliest = Early Ordovician | Carboniferous | Recent | refs=<ref>{{cite book
 |editor= Ponder, W. F. |editor2=Lindberg, D. L.
| title= Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca
| location= Berkeley
| publisher= U. California Press
| chapter=Caenogastropoda
| author= Ponder, W. F.
| author2=Colgan, D. J.
| author3=Healy, J.
| author4=Nützel, A.
| author5=Simone, L. R. L.
| author6=Strong, E. E.
 | hdl = 10088/7547
 | pages = 331–383
 | year = 2008
}}</ref>{{rp|355}}}}
| image_caption = Various examples of Caenogastropoda
| taxon = Caenogastropoda
| authority = [[Leslie Reginald Cox|Cox]], 1960<ref name="Cox L. R 1960 page 311">[[Leslie Reginald Cox|Cox L. R.]] (1960). In: Moore R. C. (ed.) ''Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part I., Mollusca 1, Gastropoda''. The Geological Society of America, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. xxiii + 351 pp., page 311.</ref>
}}

'''Caenogastropoda''' is a [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[clade]], a large diverse group which are mostly [[sea snail]]s and other [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc|mollusk]]s, but also includes some [[freshwater snail]]s and some [[land snail]]s. The clade is the most diverse and ecologically successful of the gastropods. <ref>{{cite web| title = Digital Atlas of Ancient Life | url=https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/mollusca/gastropoda/caenogastropoda/}}</ref>

Caenogastropoda contains many families of [[gastropod shell|shelled]] marine molluscs – including the [[periwinkle (mollusc)|periwinkles]], [[cowries]], [[wentletrap]]s, [[moon snails]], [[Muricidae|murexes]], [[cone snail]]s and [[turrid]]s – and constitutes about 60% of all living gastropods.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=98|pages=61–76|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01246.x|title=A global phylogeny of apple snails: Gondwanan origin, generic relationships, and the influence of outgroup choice (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae)|year=2009|last1=Hayes|first1=Kenneth A.|last2=Cowie|first2=Robert H.|last3=Thiengo|first3=Silvana C.|doi-access=free}}.</ref>

== Biology ==
The Caenogastropoda exhibit [[torsion (gastropod)|torsion]], and thus are included in what was previously called the [[Streptoneura]] (meaning ''twisted nerves''), also known as [[Prosobranchia]] (meaning ''gills forward''). Specifically, they are characterized by having only a single [[Atrium (heart)|auricle]] in the [[heart]] and a single pair of gill leaflets, and are equivalent to the Monotocardia or Pectinobranchia of older authors.

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Penion jeakingsi.png|thumb|A siphon whelk ''[[Penion cuvierianus jeakingsi]]''.]]
The [[taxon]] Caenogastropoda was first established by Leslie Reginald Cox in 1960 as a superorder<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=58404 Caenogastropoda, Paleobiology]</ref> but now sometimes it is retained as a [[clade]]. Based on optimal phylogenetic analysis, it is deemed [[monophyletic]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00198.x|pages= 220–240|title= A phylogeny of Vetigastropoda and other "archaeogastropods": Re-organizing old gastropod clades|journal= Invertebrate Biology|volume= 129|issue= 3|year= 2010|last1= Aktipis|first1= Stephanie W.|last2= Giribet|first2= Gonzalo}}</ref> This Caenogastropoda combines the older taxa [[Mesogastropoda]] and [[Stenoglossa]] from the classification by [[Johannes Thiele (zoologist)|Johannes Thiele]]<ref name="Bouchet 2005" /> and is equivalent to the revised Monotocardia as defined by [[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]] in 1865.

Caenogastropoda can be divided into two major groups, based on the anatomy of the [[radula]]:
* [[Taenioglossa]] (from ''taenio'' meaning ''band''), equivalent to the older [[Mesogastropoda]], with typically seven teeth in each radular row.
* [[Stenoglossa]] (from ''steno'' meaning ''narrow''), the [[Neogastropoda]], with only 1–3 teeth per row.

=== 1997 taxonomy ===
[[taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)|Ponder & Lindberg, 1997]] and others since (e.g. Vega et al., 2006;<ref>F. J. Vega et al. 2006. El Espinal, a new plattenkalk facies locality from the Lower Cretaceous Sierra Madre Formation, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico. [[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas]] 23(3):323-333</ref> Harzhauser, 2004;<ref>Harzhauser M. (2004). "Oligocene gastropod faunas for the Eastern Mediterranean (Mesohellenic Trough/Greece and Esfahan-Sirjan Basin/Central Iran)". ''[[Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg]]'' '''248''': 93-181.</ref> and Pina, 2002.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120803202440/http://www.eumed.net/malakos/Sis/Caenogastropoda2_img.gif   A.Pina -Caenogastropoda]</ref>) show Caenogastropoda as a superorder, following the sense of Cox, 1960. More recently [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)|Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005]] revised Caenogastropoda as a clade.

=== 2005 taxonomy ===
The following classification was laid out in [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)|the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)]]:<ref name="Bouchet 2005">{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref>
* [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)#Clade Caenogastropoda|Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position]]
* an informal group [[Architaenioglossa]]
* clade [[Sorbeoconcha]]
* clade [[Hypsogastropoda]]

=== 2006 taxonomy ===
Colgan et al. (2006)<ref>{{cite journal|pages=717–737|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.009|pmid=17127080|url=http://www.bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Colgan2006Caenogastropoda.pdf|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Caenogastropoda (Gastropoda: Mollusca)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=42|issue=3|year=2007|last1=Colgan|first1=D.J.|last2=Ponder|first2=W.F.|last3=Beacham|first3=E.|last4=MacAranas|first4=J.}}</ref> provided further insight into the phylogeny of Caenogastropoda.<ref name="Cox L. R 1960 page 311" />

=== Latest views by the [[World Register of Marine Species]] ===
Sorbeoconcha should include [Cerithioidea + Campaniloidea + all Hypsogastropoda (i.e. the remaining Caenogastropoda)], see definition in Ponder & Lindberg, 1997: 225, not only [Cerithioidea + Campaniloidea] as suggested by the indent pattern in Bouchet & Rocroi. Neotaenioglossa Haller, 1892 suggested in Ruud Bank’s draft for Fauna Europaea is not retained because it would need severe emendation to remove Pyramidellids, Cerithioids, etc. included in its original definition, and therefore would be too far from Haller's concept if it were to fit the concept of Sorbeoconcha. Although cladistically sound, the taxon Sorbeoconcha is skipped in the classification scheme because (1) ten years after its publication, the name still sounds unfamiliar to most and (2) it is not very helpful in the classification because it includes the bulk of Caenogastropoda (only keeping out small stem groups [[Abyssochrysidae]], [[Provannidae]], and the architaenioglossate taxa). This is not final, opinions are welcome.<ref>Gofas, S. (2013). Sorbeoconcha. Accessed through: [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382203 World Register of Marine Species] on 2013-06-28</ref>

;Taxonomy as provided by WoRMS in 2021 <ref>WoRMS (2021). Caenogastropoda. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224570 on 2021-07-26</ref>:
* Subterclass [[Sorbeoconcha]] 
* Superorder [[Hypsogastropoda]]
* Order [[Architaenioglossa]]
* Order [[Littorinimorpha]]
* Order [[Neogastropoda]]
* Order [unassigned] Caenogastropoda (temporary name)
* Order Stenoglossa has become a synonym of [[Neogastropoda]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Caenogastropoda}}
{{Wikispecies|Caenogastropoda}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q132979}}

[[Category:Caenogastropoda| ]]
[[Category:Gastropod taxonomy]]
[[Category:Protostome unranked clades]]
[[Category:Carboniferous first appearances]]