सहायता:IPA for Dutch and Afrikaans का स्रोत देखें

The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Afrikaans]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.  

See [[Dutch phonology]] and [[Afrikaans phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch and Afrikaans.

{| style="background:none;"
| valign="top" | 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="5"| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! colspan="3"| IPA !! rowspan="2"| Examples !! rowspan="2"|English<br>approximation
|-
! North<br /> [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]!! South<br /> [[Image:Flag of Flanders.svg|30px]]!! Afrikaans<br /> [[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|30px]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''b'''eet}}||'''b'''eet
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''d'''ak}}||'''d'''en
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''f'''iets}}||'''f'''ast
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''v'''er}},<ref name=fricatives>In some northern dialects, the voiced fricatives have almost completely merged with the voiceless ones; {{IPAslink|ɦ}} is usually realized as {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPA|/v/}} is usually realized as {{IPAblink|f}}, {{IPA|/z/}} is usually realized as {{IPAblink|s}}.</ref> {{lang|af|ha'''w'''e}} (Af.)||o'''v'''en
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|χ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|a'''ch'''t}}<ref name=ch>The sound spelled ‹ch› is a [[voiceless velar fricative]] {{IPAblink|x}} or [[voiceless uvular fricative]] {{IPAblink|χ}} in Northern Dutch, and a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{IPAblink|ç}} in Southern Dutch, including all of [[Flanders|Dutch-speaking Belgium]]. See also [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]].</ref>, {{lang|nl|we'''g'''}}<ref name="devoice">Dutch [[Final obstruent devoicing|devoices]] all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final {{IPA|/d/}} becomes {{IPAblink|t}}). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural ''hui'''z'''en'' ('houses') becomes ''hui'''s''''' ('house') in singular, and ''dui'''v'''en'' ('doves') becomes ''dui'''f''''' ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural ''baar'''d'''en'' {{IPA|[baːrdən]}} ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling ''baar'''d''''' ('beard'), but pronounced as {{IPA|[baːrt]}}; and plural ''ri'''bb'''en'' {{IPA|[rɪbən]}} ('ribs') has singular ''ri'''b''''', pronounced as {{IPA|[rɪp]}}.  Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. ''het vee'' ('the cattle') is {{IPA|[ɦətfeː]}}.</ref>||lo'''ch''' (Scottish English) ~ '''h'''ue
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʝ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''g'''aan}}<ref >In the North {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is usually realized as {{IPAblink|x}} or {{IPAblink|χ}}, whereas in the South the distinction between {{IPAslink|ʝ}} and {{IPAslink|ç}} has been preserved. See also [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]].</ref>||roughly like [[Spanish phonology|Spanish]] ''ras'''g'''o'' ~ ''a'''y'''uda''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɦ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''h'''ad}}<ref name=fricatives/>||be'''h'''ind
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''j'''as}}||'''y'''ard
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''k'''at}}||s'''k'''in
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''l'''and}}||'''l'''and
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''m'''ens}}||'''m'''an
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''n'''ek}}<ref>The final ‹n› of the plural ending -''en'' is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic {{IPA|[n̩]}} sound. In Afrikaans it is also dropped in the written language.</ref>||'''n'''eck
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|e'''ng'''}}||lo'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''p'''en}}, {{lang|nl|ri'''b'''}}<ref name="devoice" />||s'''p'''ort
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''r'''as}}<ref>The realization of the {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as the [[alveolar trill]] {{IPAblink|r}} or as a [[uvular trill]] {{IPAblink|ʀ}}. In some dialects, it is realized as an [[alveolar tap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or even as an [[alveolar approximant]] {{IPAblink|ɹ}}.</ref>
|wa'''t'''er (American English)
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''s'''ok}}||'''s'''ock
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''z'''eep}}<ref name=fricatives/>||ja'''zz'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''t'''ak}}, {{lang|nl|ha'''d'''}}<ref name="devoice" />||s'''t'''op
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʋ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''w'''ang}}<ref name=w>The realization of the {{IPA|/ʋ/}} phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a [[labiodental approximant]] {{IPAblink|ʋ}}. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a [[bilabial approximant]] {{IPAblink|β̞}} (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Belgian Dutch uses the [[voiced labiovelar approximant]] {{IPAblink|w}}</ref>||'''w'''ing; '''v'''elvet (Af.)
|-
! colspan="5" | Marginal consonants
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʔ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|beëindig}}<ref>The [[glottal stop]] {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is not a separate phoneme in Dutch, but is inserted before vowel-initial syllables within words and often also at the beginning of a word.</ref><br>{{IPA|[bəˈʔɛindəx]}}||the catch in ''uh-oh!''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''g'''oal}}<ref>{{IPAslink|ɡ}} is not a native phoneme of Dutch or Afrikaans and only occurs in loanwords, like ''goal'' or when {{IPA|/k/}} is voiced, like in ''zakdoek'' {{IPA|[zɑɡduk]}}.  In Afrikaans it may occur as an allophone of {{IPAslink|χ}}</ref>||'''g'''oal
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''sj'''abloon}}, {{lang|nl|'''ch'''ef}}<ref name=postalveolar>{{IPAslink|ʃ}} and {{IPAslink|ʒ}} are not native phonemes of Dutch, and usually occur in borrowed words, like ''show'' and ''bagage'' ('baggage'). Even then, they are usually realized as {{IPA|[sʲ]}} and {{IPA|[zʲ]}}, respectively. However, {{IPA|/s/}} + {{IPA|/j/}} sequences in Dutch are often realized as {{IPA|[sʲ]}}, like in the word ''huisje'' ('little house'). In dialects that merge {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|[zʲ]}} is often realized as {{IPA|[sʲ]}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}</ref>||'''sh'''all
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''j'''ury}}<ref name=fricatives/><ref name=postalveolar/>||vi'''si'''on
|-
|align="center" colspan="3" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''ch'''eck}}, {{lang|nl|'''Tsj'''echië}}, {{lang|af|'''tj'''ek}} (Af.)||'''ch'''at
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|af|'''J'''akarta}}||'''j'''ump
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big> {{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|vóórkomen}}<br>{{lang|nl|voorkómen}}<ref>When the penultimate syllable is open, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables. When the penultimate syllable is closed, stress falls on either of the last two syllables. While stress is phonemic, minimal pairs are rare. For example ''vóórkomen'' {{IPA|/ˈvʊːrkoːmə(n)/}} "to occur" and ''voorkómen'' {{IPA|/vʊːrˈkoːmə(n)/}} "to prevent". In composite words, secondary stress is often present. Marking the stress in written Dutch is optional, never obligatory, but sometimes recommended.</ref>
| rowspan="2" | as in ''battleship''<br>{{IPA|/ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/}}
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big> {{IPAlink|ˌ}}</big>
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em" 
! colspan="5"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! colspan="3"| IPA !! rowspan="2"| Examples !! rowspan="2"|English<br>approximation
|-
! North<br /> [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|30px]] !! South<br /> [[Image:Flag of Flanders.svg|30px]] !! Afr<br />[[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|30px]]
|-
! colspan="5"| [[Checked and free vowels|Checked vowels]]<ref name=checked>The "checked" vowels {{IPAslink|ɑ}}, {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, {{IPAslink|ɪ}}, {{IPAslink|ɔ}}, and {{IPAslink|ʏ}} occur only in [[closed syllable]]s, while their "free" counterparts {{IPAslink|ä|aː}}, {{IPAslink|eː}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|oː}}, and {{IPAslink|y}} can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels). These two sets also go by the names ''dull/sharp'', ''dim/clear'', ''[[Tenseness|lax/tense]]'', ''closed/open'', or ''[[Vowel length|short/long]]''. One of each pair is pronounced slightly longer by many speakers, so the terms ''long'' and ''short'' traditionally used to explain the [[Dutch orthography#Double vowels or consonants|use of doubled consonants and vowels]] in the orthographic system.</ref>
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɑ}}</big> 
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''a'''d}}<ref name=aa/>||f'''a'''ther; d'''u'''ck (Af.)
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''e'''d}}||b'''e'''d
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|v'''i'''s}}||f'''i'''sh; '''a'''gain (Af.)
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''o'''t}}||s'''o'''ft; roughly like s'''aw''' (British English)
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʏ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|œ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|h'''u'''t}}|| roughly like '''u'''nited
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Checked and free vowels|Free vowels]]<ref name=checked/>
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ä|aː}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɑː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|'''aa'''p}}<ref name=aa/>||f'''a'''ther
|-
|align="center" colspan="2" style="background:gray"|
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|æː}}</big>
| {{lang|af|p'''e'''rd}} (Af.)||j'''a'''zz
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|eː}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|eə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''ee'''t, '''e'''zel}}<ref name=rhotic/>||m'''a'''te; f'''ai'''r (Af.)
|-
|align="center" colspan="2" style="background:gray"|
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|af|w'''e'''rk}} (Af.)|| s'''ay'''s
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|d'''ie'''p}}||happ'''y'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|oː}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|oə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''oo'''t}}<ref name=rhotic/>||roughly like l'''aw''' (British English), m'''ore'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2" style="background:gray"|
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|af|m'''ô'''re}} (Af.)||l'''aw'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|f'''uu'''t}}||roughly like c'''u'''te
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|øː}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|eø}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|n'''eu'''s}}<ref name=rhotic/>||roughly like ''n'''ur'''se''; roughly like m'''ayor'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|h'''oe'''d}}||b'''oo'''t
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɛi}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''ij'''t, '''ei'''}}; {{lang|af|b'''y'''t}} (Af.)||m'''ay'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPA|œy}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|œj}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|b'''ui'''t}}|| No English equivalent
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|ʌu}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|ɔu}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|ɵu}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|j'''ou''', d'''auw'''}}|| '''ou'''t; b'''oa'''t (South Nl./Af.)
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|hem'''e'''l}}||'''a'''gain
|-
! colspan="5" | Marginal vowels
|-
|align="center" colspan="2" style="background:gray"|
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|Wikipedi'''a'''}}<ref name=aa>The [[near-open central vowel]] {{IPAblink|ɐ}} is an allophone of unstressed {{IPAslink|ä|aː}} and {{IPAslink|ɑ}}.</ref>|Wikipedi'''a'''
| c'''u'''t
|-
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʊː}}</big><ref name=rhotic>When the vowels {{IPAslink|eː}}, {{IPAslink|øː}} and {{IPAslink|oː}} precede {{IPA|/r/}}, they are pronounced {{IPAblink|ɪː}}, {{IPAblink|ʏː}} and {{IPAblink|ʊː}}, respectively.</ref>
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|oː}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPA|ʊə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|v'''oo'''r}}||p'''oor''' (British English) (Af.)
|-
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔː}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|oː}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="1"|?
|{{lang|nl|r'''o'''ze}}<ref name=loanwords>Found in loanwords.</ref>||l'''aw'''; roughly like l'''aw''' (British English)
|-
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪː}}</big><ref name=rhotic/>
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|eː}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPA|ɪə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|h'''ee'''r}}||s'''e'''rious
|-
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʏː}}</big><ref name=rhotic/>
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPAlink|øː}}</big>
|
| {{lang|nl|d'''eu'''r}}|| roughly like '''u'''nited; roughly like s'''ir'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|sc'''è'''ne}},<ref name=loanwords/> {{lang|af|n'''ê'''}} (Af.) ||s'''ay'''s
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|œː}}</big>
|align="center" colspan="1"|<big>{{IPA|øə}}</big>
| {{lang|nl|fr'''eu'''le}}<ref name=loanwords/>||roughly like s'''ir'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|iː}}</big>
|
| {{lang|nl|anal'''y'''se}}<ref name=loanwords/>||b'''ea'''t
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|yː}}</big>
|
| {{lang|nl|centrif'''u'''ge}}<ref name=loanwords/>||roughly like '''u'''se
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>ɑ̃ː</big>
|
| {{lang|nl|g'''en'''re}}<ref name=loanwords/>||roughly like croiss'''an'''t
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>ɛ̃ː</big>
|
| {{lang|nl|haut'''ain'''}}<ref name=loanwords/>||'''uh'''-h'''uh'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>ɔ̃ː</big>
|
| {{lang|nl|chans'''on'''}}<ref name=loanwords/>||roughly like '''own'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>æ</big>
|
| {{lang|nl|sl'''a'''sh}}<ref name=loanwords/>||like in English
|-
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[nl:IPA-notatie voor het Nederlands]]

{{IPA keys horizontal}}
[[Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help|Dutch]]