विकिपिडिया:IPA for Catalan का स्रोत देखें

{{IPAkeys}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Catalan language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards, one of [[Catalan language|Catalan]] (based in Barcelona, encompassing most [[Eastern Catalan]] features) and one of [[Valencian]] (based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most [[Western Catalan]] features). Neither variant is preferred over the other at Wikipedia except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in the Valencian Community or a Catalan artist).

See [[Catalan phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Catalan.

{| style="background: none"
|-----
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | [[सहायता:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2| [[Consonant]]s 
|-
! {{flagicon|Catalonia}} !! {{flagicon|Valencian Community}} !! Examples !! English equivalent
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| {{lang|ca|'''b'''èstia}}; {{lang|ca|ca'''p'''gròs}}<ref name="Devoice">Voiced [[obstruent]]s {{IPA|/b d g v z dz ʒ dʒ/}} are [[Final obstruent devoicing|devoiced]] ([{{IPAlink|p}} {{IPAlink|t̪|t}} {{IPAlink|k}} {{IPAlink|f}} {{IPAlink|s}} {{IPAlink|ts}} {{IPAlink|ɕ|ʃ}} {{IPAlink|tɕ|tʃ}}]) at the end of an utterance. In some dialects (particularly [[North-Western Catalan]] and [[Central Catalan]]), {{IPA|/p t k/}} and {{IPA|/b/}} may [[elision|be elided]] when occurring utterance-finally after a [[nasal consonant]] (e.g. ''am'''b''''', ''seien'''t''''', ''san'''g'''''), in the case of {{IPAslink|t̪|t}}, in some of these dialects, this has extended also after [[liquid consonant|liquids]] (e.g. ''al'''t''''', ''hor'''t''''').</ref>
|'''b'''est
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|β}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|re'''b'''ost}}; {{lang|ca|ca'''b'''ra}}<ref name="Lenition">In [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Valencian]], /{{IPA|b}} {{IPA|d}} {{IPA|ɡ}}/ become [[lenition|lenited]] [{{IPAlink|β}} {{IPAlink|ð}} {{IPAlink|ɣ}}] (that is, [[fricative consonant|fricatives]] or [[approximant consonant|approximants]] of the same [[place of articulation]]) when in the syllable onset and after a [[continuant]]. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced (or devoiced) stops, not dissimilar to [[English language|English]] ''b'', ''d'', ''g'' and ''p'', ''t'', ''k''. Exceptions include {{IPAslink|d̪|d}} after a [[lateral consonant]], and {{IPAslink|b}} after {{IPA|/f/}}. In regular speech in [[Valencian]], intervocalic {{IPAblink|ð}} may [[elision|be elided]] (e.g. ''fideuada/fideuà'').</ref>
|between ''ba'''b'''y'' and ''be'''v'''y''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}</big>
| {{lang|ca|'''d'''it}}; {{lang|ca|a'''t'''mosfera}}<ref name="Devoice">Voiced obstruents are devoiced word-finally</ref>
|'''d'''ead
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ð}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|fa'''d'''a}}; {{lang|ca|pe'''d'''ra}}<ref name="Lenition"/>
|'''th'''is
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''f'''ase}}; {{lang|ca|sal'''v'''}}
|'''f'''ace
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''g'''ros}}; {{lang|ca|'''gu'''ix}}; {{lang|ca|anè'''c'''dota}}<ref name="Devoice"/><ref name="Majorcan palatalization"> In most of [[Balearic|Majorcan]] the [[stop consonant|velar plosives]], {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/g/}}, become [[palatal]], {{IPAblink|c}} and {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, before [[front vowel]]s ({{IPA|/i e ɛ a/}}) and word-finally (e.g. ''fi'''gu'''era'' {{IPA|[fiˈɟeɾə]}}, ''sa'''c''''' {{IPA|[ˈsac]}}) in some of these dialects, this has extended to all environments except before [[liquid consonant|liquids]] and [[back vowel]]s; e.g. ''san'''g''''' {{IPA|[ˈsaɲс]}}.</ref>
|'''g'''ot
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|ma'''g'''atzem}}; {{lang|ca| a'''g'''raït}}; {{lang|ca|fi'''gu'''era}}<ref name="Lenition"/><ref name="Majorcan palatalization"/>
|between '''''g'''o'' and ''a'''h'''old''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''c'''or}}; {{IPA|'''q'''uan}}; {{lang|ca|'''qu'''inze}}; {{lang|ca|ma'''g'''s}}; {{lang|ca|'''k'''elvin}}<ref name="Majorcan palatalization"/>
|s'''c'''an
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɫ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''l'''aca}}; {{lang|ca|te'''l'''a}}; {{lang|ca|motlle/mo'''tl'''e}}; {{lang|ca|ce'''l·l'''a}}<ref name="lateral">[[Catalan orthography]] distinguishes between ‹ll› (representing {{IPAslink|ʎ}}), and ‹l·l› (representing a [[gemination|geminated]] /{{IPAlink|l}}{{IPAlink|ː}}/). In regular speech gemination of ‹l·l› is ignored altogether.</ref><ref name="dark l">‹l› is always [[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|dark]] {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in [[Eastern Catalan]]. In other dialects, like [[Valencian]], it may vary allophonically with the [[alveolar lateral approximant]], {{IPAblink|l}}~{{IPAblink|ɫ}}, as it does in [[English language|English]]. In [[Catalan]] and [[Valencian]], {{IPA|/l/}} is [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] to {{IPAblink|ʎ}} before [[palatal consonant]]s (e.g. ''E'''l'''x'', à'''l'''gid), and in [[La Franja|La Franja Catalan]] ([[Aragon]]) {{IPA|/l/}} is palatalized to {{IPAblink|ʎ}} in [[consonant cluster]]s, such as {{IPA|/bl pl gl kl fl/}}; e.g. ''p'''l'''ou'' {{IPA|[ˈpʎɔw]}}.</ref>
|woo'''l''' or '''l'''uck
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɫ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|a'''l'''t}}; {{lang|ca|rínxo'''l'''}}<ref name="dark l"/>
|woo'''l'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʎ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''ll'''op}}; {{lang|ca|ce'''ll'''a}}<ref name="lateral"/> {{lang|ca|u'''ll'''}}; {{lang|ca|mo'''tll'''e/motle}}; {{lang|ca|E'''l'''x}}<ref name="dark l"/>
|roughly like ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''m'''are}}; {{lang|ca|se'''tm'''ana}}; {{lang|ca|í'''n'''fi'''m'''}}; {{lang|ca|e'''nm'''ig}}<ref name="nasal assimilation">The [[nasal consonant]]s {{IPA|/n m ɲ/}} only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, {{IPA|/n/}} [[assimilation|assimilates]] to the consonant's place of articulation (e.g. {{IPAblink|ŋ}} occurs before a [[velar consonant]], {{IPAblink|ɲ}} before a [[palatal consonant]], {{IPAblink|m}} before a [[labial consonant]], while {{IPAblink|n}} is found elsewhere).</ref>
|'''m'''other
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''n'''ou}}; {{lang|ca|co'''tn'''a}}; {{lang|ca|so'''n'''}}<ref name="nasal assimilation"/>
|'''n'''eed
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|sa'''n'''g}}; {{lang|ca|ci'''n'''c}}; {{lang|ca|co'''n'''querir}}; {{lang|ca|sa'''g'''na}}<ref name="nasal assimilation"/>
|si'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big> 
|{{lang|ca|vi'''ny'''a}}; {{lang|ca|a'''ny'''}}; {{lang|ca|arra'''n'''jar}}; {{lang|ca|e'''n'''gegar}}<ref name="nasal assimilation"/>
|roughly like ''ca'''ny'''on''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''p'''arlar}}; {{lang|ca|tu'''b'''}}
|s'''p'''ouse
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''r'''oba}}; {{lang|ca|mi'''rr'''a}}; {{lang|ca|en'''r'''enou}}; {{lang|ca|contra'''r'''estar}}<ref name=rhotic>The [[rhotic consonant]]s {{IPAslink|ɾ}} ‹r› and {{IPAslink|r}} ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in [[complementary distribution]] as ‹r› with, {{IPAblink|r}} occurring word-initially, after {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, and {{IPA|/s/}}, in compounds and at the end of an utterance; {{IPAblink|ɾ}} is found elsewhere. Utterance-final {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as {{IPAblink|ɾ}} in [[Valencian]]. In all [[Catalan language|Catalan]] dialects, except most of [[Valencian]], word final {{IPA|/r/}} is generally dropped (e.g. ''parla'''r''''' {{IPA|[pərˈɫa]}}, ''fe'''r''''' {{IPA|[ˈfe]}}), still and all there are many exceptions (e.g. ''pe'''r''''' {{IPA|[pər]}}). In most cases, word final ‹r› is pronounced when the following word begins with a vowel (e.g. ''fe'''r'''-hi'' {{IPA|[ˈfeɾi]}}; notice here intervocalic ‹r› is a [[tap consonant|tap]], {{IPAslink|ɾ}}). </ref>
|[[trill consonant|trilled r]]
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|ho'''r'''t}}; {{lang|ca|pe'''r'''}}<ref name=rhotic/>
|rowspan="2" |''la'''dd'''er'' in [[American English]] 
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|mi'''r'''a}}; {{lang|ca|b'''r'''ut}}; {{lang|ca|fe'''r'''-hi}}<ref name=rhotic/>
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''s'''et}}; {{lang|ca|ta'''ss'''a}}; {{lang|ca|a'''sc'''en'''s'''}}; {{lang|ca|'''c'''el}}; {{lang|ca|ca'''ç'''a}}; {{lang|ca|brun'''z'''}}<ref name="s/z/x"> 
In [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Valencian]] an [[assimilation]] process occurs wherein two identical [[sibilant consonant|sibilants]] appearing in sequence within a word are reduced to a single [[consonant]]. For details, see [[Catalan orthography]].</ref>
|'''s'''ack
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''ts'''ar}}; {{lang|ca|'''ts'''uga}}<ref name="ts/dz">In some dialects, {{IPA|/dz/}} is [[fricative consonant|deaffricated]] to {{IPAblink|z}} in verbal forms ending in ''-itzar''; e.g. ''anali'''tz'''ar'' {{IPA|[ənəɫiˈza]}}/{{IPA|[analiˈza(ɾ)]}}. Similarly, {{IPA|/ts/}}, which only occurs word-initially in [[loanwords]] (e.g. '''''ts'''ar'', '''''ts'''uga'') is deaffricated in these dialects.</ref>
|ca'''ts''' or '''s'''ack
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|po'''ts'''er}}; {{lang|ca|to'''ts'''}}; {{lang|ca|flui'''ds'''}}
|ca'''ts'''
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɕ|ʃ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɕ|ʃ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''X'''i'''x'''ona}}; {{lang|ca|ca'''ix'''a}}; {{lang|ca|pe'''ix'''}}<ref name="digraph ix">The pronunciation of words with the [[digraph]] ‹ix› varies; an absent {{IPAblink|j}} is generally more common in [[Eastern Catalan]] dialects (e.g. ''ca'''ix'''a'' {{IPA|[ˈkaʃə]}}) and {{IPAblink|j}}-retention is more common in [[Valencian]] and [[North-Western Catalan]] (e.g. ''ca'''ix'''a'' {{IPA|[ˈkajʃa]}}), though there are exceptions.</ref><ref name="alveolo-palatal">While {{IPA|/ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/}} are often described simply as "[[postalveolar]]" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar [[sibilants]] to be [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] ({{IPAblink|ɕ}}, {{IPAblink|ʑ}}, {{IPAblink|tɕ}} and {{IPAblink|dʑ}}, respectively). Nevertheless, since {{IPA|‹ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ›}} are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Valencian]], those characters are also used at Wikipedia.</ref>
|'''sh'''eep
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tɕ|tʃ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''x'''ec}}; {{lang|ca|clen'''x'''a}}; {{lang|ca|pon'''x'''}}<ref name="alveolo-palatal"/>
|'''sh'''eep or '''ch'''in
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|tɕ|tʃ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|fle'''tx'''a}}; {{lang|ca|despa'''tx'''}}; {{lang|ca|'''tx'''ec}}; {{lang|ca|ra'''ig'''}}<ref name="alveolo-palatal"/>
|'''ch'''in
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''t'''o'''t'''hom}}; {{lang|ca|fre'''d'''}}
|s'''t'''and
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''v'''iu}}; {{lang|ca|bla'''v'''a}}; {{lang|ca|a'''f'''ganesa}}; {{lang|ca|'''w'''att}}<ref name="Devoice"/><ref name="V">Several dialects have {{IPAslink|v}} as a separate phoneme, in particular, [[Balearic]], [[Alguerese]], standard [[Valencian]], and [[Catalan language|certain parts of Tarragona]]; e.g. '''''v'''iu'' {{IPA|[ˈviw]}}. [[Betacism]] (that is, merging of {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/v/}}) is general in the rest of [[Catalan language|Catalan]] areas (e.g. '''''v'''iu'' {{IPA|[ˈbiw]}}).</ref>
|'''v'''eal
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''z'''el}}; {{lang|ca|on'''z'''e}}; {{lang|ca|ca'''s'''a}}; {{lang|ca|tràn'''s'''it}}; {{lang|ca|feli'''ç'''ment}}<ref name="Devoice"/><ref name="s/z/x"/>
|'''z'''ebra
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|anali'''tz'''ar}}; {{lang|ca|locali'''tz'''ació}}<ref name="Devoice"/><ref name="ts/dz"/>
|pa'''ds''' or '''z'''ebra
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|do'''tz'''e}}; {{lang|ca|a'''tz'''ar}}; {{lang|ca|to'''ts''' alhora}}<ref name="Devoice"/>
|pa'''ds'''
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʑ|ʒ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʑ|ʒ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|ca'''ix'''mir}}; {{lang|ca|pe'''ix''' espasa}}<ref name="Devoice"/><ref name="alveolo-palatal"/>
|vi'''s'''ion
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|dʑ|dʒ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''j'''oc}}; {{lang|ca|'''g'''ent}}; {{lang|ca|su'''gg'''erir}}<ref name="alveolo-palatal"/>
|vi'''s'''ion or '''g'''ene
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|dʑ|dʒ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|me'''tg'''e}}; {{lang|ca|pla'''tj'''a}}; {{lang|ca|a'''dj'''unt}}; {{lang|ca|ra'''ig''' esbiaixat}}<ref name="Devoice"/><ref name="alveolo-palatal"/>
|'''g'''ene
|-
! colspan="2" | [[सहायता:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2| Marginal consonants<ref>Marginal consonants are found in [[loanword]]s, largely from [[Spanish language|Spanish]] but also from [[Caló language|Caló]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Modern Greek|Greek]], [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], etc.</ref>
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|θ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''Z'''apatero}}; {{lang|ca|'''th'''eta}}
|'''th'''ing
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''h'''egelià}}; {{lang|ca|e'''h'''em|}}; {{lang|ca|Sà'''h'''ara}}<ref name="h"> Other than in [[loanwords]] and [[interjections]], the letter ‹h› is always [[silent letter|silent]].</ref>
|'''h'''am
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|x}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''J'''aén}}; {{lang|ca|'''kh'''arja}}; {{lang|ca|'''H'''anukkà}}<ref name="h"/>
|lo'''ch'''
|}
| valign="top" | 
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"| [[सहायता:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2 | [[Vowel]]s<ref name="Catalan vowels">All [[Catalan language|Catalan]] dialects contrast seven stressed vowels {{IPA|/a ɛ e i ɔ o u/}} (though [[Balearic]], especially [[Balearic|Majorcan]], contrasts eight stressed vowels; the former ones, plus {{IPAslink|ə}}). In [[Alguerese]] and [[Northern Catalan]] open-mid and close-mid vowels may merge into mid vowels [{{IPAlink|e̞}}] and [{{IPAlink|o̞}}]. In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
* '''Eastern Catalan''' ('''Central Catalan''', '''Northern Catalan''', '''Balearic''' and '''Alguerese'''): {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, and {{IPA|/a/}} reduce to {{IPAblink|ə}} (though in [[Alguerese]] {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, and {{IPA|/a/}} merge to {{IPAblink|ä|a}}) while {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} reduce to {{IPAblink|u}} (however, in most of [[Balearic|Majorcan]] {{IPA|/ɔ/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} merge to {{IPAblink|o}}).
* '''Western Catalan''' ('''North-Western Catalan''' and '''Valencian'''): {{IPA|/ɛ/}} reduces to {{IPAblink|e}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} reduces to {{IPAblink|o}}. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may reduce to {{IPAblink|ä|a}} and {{IPAblink|u}} respectively. Furthermore, unstressed ‹e› may reduce to {{IPAblink|i}} in some other cases. In these dialects, [[open-mid vowel]]s {{IPAblink|ɛ}} and {{IPAblink|ɔ}} can also appear in unstressed [[syllables]].
In [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Valencian]] occurs [[synalepha]] (that is the merging of two [[syllable]]s into one). A synalepha may be produced either by [[elision]] (when combining two non-high vowels): ''un'''a''' hora'' {{IPA|[ˈunˈɔɾə]/[ˈunˈɔɾa]}}; or by [[diphthong]]ization (when combining any vowel with [[high vowel]]s); e.g. ''posa-h'''i''''' {{IPA|[ˈpɔzəj]/[ˈpɔzaj]}}.</ref>
|-
! {{flagicon|Catalonia}} !! {{flagicon|Valencian Community}} !! Examples !! English equivalent
|-
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|s'''a'''c}}; {{lang|ca|r'''à'''pid}}<ref>While in most dialects {{IPA|/a/}} is [[central vowel|central]] {{IPAblink|ä}}, it is [[front vowel|front]] {{IPAblink|a}} in many [[Balearic]] dialects.</ref>
|f'''a'''ther
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|m'''e'''l}}; {{lang|ca|p'''è'''l}}; {{lang|ca|pres'''è'''ncia}}<ref name="mid-open vowels">The mid-open vowels {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are lower in Valencian and most Balearic dialects, that is, in these dialects the phonetic realization of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} approaches {{IPAblink|æ}}, while {{IPA|/ɔ/}} is as low as {{IPAblink|ɒ}}.</ref>
|b'''e'''d
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|s'''e'''c}}<ref name="stressed schwa">In most of [[Balearic]], especially [[Balearic|Majorcan]], {{IPAslink|ə}} can appear in stressed position; e.g. ''s'''e'''c'' {{IPA|[ˈsəc]}}. This corresponds to stressed {{IPAslink|ɛ}} or {{IPAslink|e}} in other dialects.</ref> {{lang|ca|caf'''è'''/caf'''é'''}}; {{lang|ca|Val'''è'''ncia}}
|b'''e'''d or p'''ay'''
|-
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|s'''é'''c}}; {{lang|ca|an'''e'''lls}}
|p'''ay'''
|-
|align="center" rowspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|don'''a'''}}; {{lang|ca|terr'''a'''}}<ref name="vowel harmony">Many [[Valencian]] dialects feature a sort of [[vowel harmony]] when a [[syllable]] with stressed {{IPAslink|ɛ}} or {{IPAslink|ɔ}} precedes another [[syllable]] with unstressed {{IPAblink|ä|a}} or {{IPAblink|e}}; e.g. ''d'''o'''n'''a'''''/'''''e'''s'' {{IPA|[ˈdɔnɔ(s)]~[ˈdɔnɛ(s)]}} and ''t'''e'''rr'''a'''''/'''''e'''s'' {{IPA|[ˈtɛrɛ(s)]~[ˈtɛrɔ(s)]}}.</ref> {{lang|ca|'''e'''nvej'''a'''}}<ref name="unstressed vowels">In some [[Valencian]] and [[North-Western Catalan]] dialects there are some instances where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may be reduced:
* Unstressed ‹e› merges with {{IPAblink|ä|a}} before a [[nasal consonant|nasal]] or [[sibilant consonant]] (e.g. '''''e'''nveja'', '''''e'''spill'', '''''e'''ixugar''), in monosyllabic clitics, and in some environments before any [[consonant]] (e.g. ''t'''e'''rròs'', ''cl'''e'''vill'', ''tr'''e'''pitjar''). Likewise, unstressed ‹e› merges into {{IPAblink|i}}, in lexical derivation with -''eixement''/-''aixement'' (e.g. ''coneix'''e'''ment''). In some subvarieties {{IPA|/e/}} is raised to {{IPAblink|i}} in all instances when in contact with [[alveolo-palatal consonants|palatal consonants]]; e.g. ''s'''e'''nyor'' {{IPA|[siˈɲo(ɾ)]}}.
* Unstressed ‹o› merges with {{IPAblink|u}} before a [[bilabial consonant]] (e.g. ''c'''o'''bert''), when it precedes a stressed [[syllable]] with a high vowel (e.g. ''c'''o'''nill''), in contact with [[alveolo-palatal consonant|palatal consonants]] (e.g. ''J'''o'''sep''), and in monosyllabic clitics.</ref> {{lang|ca|Lleid'''a'''}}<ref name="NWC unstressed vowels">In [[North-Western Catalan]] word final unstress ‹a› and ‹e› may reduce to {{IPAblink|ɛ}}; e.g. ''Lleid'''a''''' {{IPA|[ˈʎejðɛ]}}, ''don'''a'''/'''e'''s'' {{IPA|[ˈdɔnɛ(s)]}}; ''t'''e'''rr'''a'''/'''e'''s'' {{IPA|[ˈtɛrɛ(s)]}}.</ref>
|'''a'''bout or f'''a'''ther
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|don'''e'''s}}; {{lang|ca|terr'''e'''s}}<ref name="vowel harmony"/> {{lang|ca|'''a'''mb}}; {{lang|ca|cantav'''a'''}}<ref name="amb/en">In most of [[Valencian]], preposition '''''a'''mb'' merges with '''''e'''n''. Also, some verbal forms ending in unstressed ‹a› are pronounced as {{IPAblink|e}} (e.g. verbs in third person singular: ''cantav'''a''''', ''cantari'''a''''', ''cant'''a''''', thus in [[Valencian]] first person singular (''jo'') ''cantav'''a''''' {{IPA|[kanˈtava]}} contrasts with third person singular (''ell'') ''cantav'''a''''' {{IPA|[kanˈtave]}}, a similar process also occurs with gender neutral words; e.g. ''artist'''a''''' ([[grammatical genders|m.]]) {{IPA|[aɾˈtiste]}} and ''artist'''a''''' ([[grammatical genders|f.]]) {{IPA|[aɾˈtista]}}).</ref>
|'''a'''bout or p'''ay'''
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|coneix'''e'''ment}}; {{lang|ca|creix'''e'''ment}}<ref name="unstressed vowels"/>
|'''a'''bout or s'''ee'''  
|-
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|s'''i'''s}}; {{lang|ca|t'''i'''es}}; {{lang|ca|ve'''í'''}}; {{lang|ca|ra'''ï'''m}}
|s'''ee'''
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|s'''o'''c}}; {{lang|ca|m'''ò'''lt}}; {{lang|ca|aix'''ò'''}}<ref name="mid-open vowels"/>
|r'''aw'''
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|c'''o'''ntra}}; {{lang|ca|c'''o'''lze}}; {{lang|ca|per'''ò'''}}
|r'''aw''' or c'''o'''de
|-
|align="center" colspan=2|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|s'''ó'''c}}; {{lang|ca|m'''o'''lt}}
|c'''o'''de
|-
|align="center" rowspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''o'''ratge}}; {{lang|ca|ferr'''o'''}}; {{lang|ca|baix'''o'''s}}; {{lang|ca|posar-h'''o'''}}
|f'''oo'''d or c'''o'''de
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|c'''o'''bert}}; {{lang|ca|c'''o'''nill}}; {{lang|ca|J'''o'''sep}}; {{lang|ca|h'''o''' posa}}<ref name="unstressed vowels"/>
|rowspan="2" |f'''oo'''d
|-
| {{lang|ca|s'''u'''c}}; {{lang|ca|m'''ú'''sc'''u'''l}}; {{lang|ca|d'''u'''es}}; {{lang|ca|re'''ü'''ll}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[सहायता:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2| Marginal vowels<ref>Marginal vowels are found in [[Northern Catalan]] in [[loanword]]s and [[linguistic interference|interferences]] from [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[French language|French]].</ref>
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|b'''u'''t}}; {{lang|ca|Gr'''u'''yère}}; {{lang|ca|m'''ü'''llerià}}
|roughly like ''c'''u'''te'' ([[Northern Catalan|NC]])
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ø̞|ø}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|f'''u'''lles}}; {{lang|ca|ag'''u'''lla}}; {{lang|ca|aj'''u'''da}}<ref>In [[Northern Catalan]] {{IPA|/u/}} becomes {{IPAblink|ø̞|ø}} in some instances in contact with [[alveolo-palatal consonant|palatal consonants]] (e.g. ''f'''u'''lles'' {{IPA|[ˈføjəs]}}~{{IPA|[ˈfuʎəs]}}). In other cases it may appear in French interferences, such as ''s'''œu'''r'' or ''j'''eu'''n'''e'''sse'' (instead of Catalan ''germana'' and ''joventut'').</ref>
|roughly like ''b'''i'''rd'' ([[Northern Catalan|NC]])
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2"| [[सहायता:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2 | [[Semivowel]]s<ref name="Semivowel">The [[semivowels]] {{IPAslink|w}} and {{IPAslink|j}} can be combined with most vowels to form [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s.</ref>
|-
! {{flagicon|Catalonia}} !! {{flagicon|Valencian Community}} !! Examples !! English equivalent
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|'''i'''ode}}; {{lang|ca|se'''i'''ent}}; {{lang|ca|posa-h'''i'''}}; {{lang|ca|ke'''y'''nesià}}
|'''y'''ou or bo'''y'''
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
|{{lang|ca|cre'''u'''ar}}; {{lang|ca|freq'''ü'''ent}}; {{lang|ca|posa-h'''o'''}}; {{lang|ca|'''w'''eb}}
|'''w'''ine or co'''w'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-
! colspan="2"| [[सहायता:IPA|IPA]] !! colspan=2 | [[IPA#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Catalonia}} !! {{flagicon|Valencian Community}} !! Examples !! Explanation
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big>
|align="left"| '''rín'''xol {{IPA|[ˈriɲʃuɫ]}} ([[Eastern Catalan|C]]) / {{IPA|[ˈriɲtʃoɫ]}} ([[Valencian|V]])
|primary stress
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ˌ}}</big>
|align="left"| '''capgròs''' {{IPA|[ˌkabˈgɾɔs]}} ([[Eastern Catalan|C]]/[[Valencian|V]])
|secondary stress
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|.}}</big>
|align="left"| t'''ie'''s {{IPA|[ˈti.əs]}} ([[Eastern Catalan|C]]) / {{IPA|[ˈti.es]}} ([[Valencian|V]])
|syllable break
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ː}}</big>
|align="left"| co'''tn'''a {{IPA|[ˈkonːə]}} ([[Eastern Catalan|C]]) / {{IPA|[ˈkonːa]}} ([[Valencian|V]])
|gemination<ref>[[Sonorant]]s {{IPA|/m n l ʎ/}} (except {{IPA|/ɲ/}}) are the most common [[gemination (linguistics)|geminated consonants]] (e.g. ''se'''tm'''ana'', ''co'''tn'''a''), {{IPA|/ʎː/}} does not occur in Valencian and Balearic Catalan (e.g. ''mo'''tll'''e''/''mo'''tl'''e''). In [[North-Western Catalan|north-western]] and [[Eastern Catalan|eastern varieties]] plosives {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/g/}} may also be geminated in certain environments, instead of usual [[lenition]] (e.g. ''po'''b'''le'' {{IPA|[ˈpɔbːɫə]}}, ''re'''g'''la'' {{IPA|[ˈregːɫə]}}). Moreover [[affricate]]s are particularly long in intervocalic position in many dialects; e.g. ''me'''tg'''e'' {{IPA|[ˈmeddʒə]}}.</ref> 
|}
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|3}}

== See also ==
* [[Catalan phonology]]

== References ==
'''Catalan'''
* {{cite book
|last=Burguet Ardiaca
|first=Francesc 
|year=1980
|title=Introducció a la fonologia, fonètica i ortografia del català
|place=Mataró (Barcelona) 
|publisher=Robrenyo
|isbn=84-7466-025-4
}} {{ca}}
* {{citation
|last=Carbonell
|first=Joan F.
|last2=Llisterri
|first2=Joaquim
|year=1992
|title=Catalan
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=1-2
|pages=53–56
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Recasens i Vives
|first=Daniel
|year=1991
|title=Fonètica descriptiva del català : assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX 
|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans
|isbn=8472831728
}} {{ca}}
* {{cite book
|last=Romeu i Juvé
|first=Xavier
|year=1983
|title=Manual de fonologia catalana
|place=Barcelona
|publisher=Barcanova
|isbn=847533119X 
}} {{ca}}
* {{cite book
|last=Veny
|first=Joan
|year=1978
|title=Els Parlars
|place=Barcelona
|publisher=Dopesa
|isbn=8472353885
}} {{ca}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wheeler
|first=Max W
|year=2005
|title=The Phonology Of Catalan
|place=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0199258147
}} {{en}}
'''Valencian'''
* {{cite web
|[url=http://www.avl.gva.es/PDF/Diccionari/Oral.pdf|Pronunciació valenciana]
|title=L'estàndard oral valencià
|place=Valencia
|publisher=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL)
}} {{ca}}

[[श्रेणी:Wikipedia IPA|Catalan]]