चिरसम्मत यांत्रिकी की समयरेखा का स्रोत देखें

{{चिरसम्मत यांत्रिकी}}
'''[[चिरसम्मत यांत्रिकी]] की समयरेखा''':

== प्राचीन यांत्रिकी ==
* 4 ई, पूर्व - [[अरस्तु]] ने अरस्तु भौतिकी तन्त्र प्राप्त किया
* 260 ई. पूर्व - [[आर्किमिडिज़]] ने [[उत्तोलक]] का सिद्धान्त और [[उत्प्लावन बल]] के सिद्धान्तों की खोज को गणितीय रूप से ज्ञात किया।
* 60 ई. - [[हीरो ऑफ़ अलेक्जेंड्रिया]] ने ''मेट्रिका (Metrica), मैकेनिक्स (यांत्रिकी),'' और ''न्यूमेटिक्स (वायु-शास्र)'' लिखी।
* [[त्वरण]] की पहचान असमान [[गति (भौतिकी)|गति]] से सम्बंध।<ref name=MacTutor>{{MacTutor|id=Al-Biruni|title=Al-Biruni}}: {{quote|"One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is ''Shadows'' which he is thought to have written around 1021. [...] ''Shadows'' is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates."}}</ref>
<!--* 1100-1138 - [[Ibn Bajjah|Avempace]] develops the concept of a [[Reaction (physics)|reaction]] force<ref>[[Shlomo Pines]] (1964), "La dynamique d’Ibn Bajja", in ''Mélanges Alexandre Koyré'', I, 442-468 [462, 468], Paris.
<br>(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''64''' (4), p. 521-546 [543]: "''Pines has also seen Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces.''")</ref>
* 1100-1165 - [[Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi]] discovers that [[force]] is proportional to acceleration rather than speed, a fundamental law in classical mechanics<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Pines | first = Shlomo | title = Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | volume = 1 | pages = 26–28  | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-684-10114-9}}:
<br>(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''64''' (4), p. 521-546 [528]: '' Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is Established through Personal Reflection). [...] This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion]," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]."'')</ref>
* 1121 - [[Al-Khazini]] publishes ''The Book of the Balance of Wisdom'', in which he develops the concepts of [[gravitational potential energy]] and [[Gravitation|gravity]] [[Action at a distance (physics)|at-a-distance]]<ref>Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., ''[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]]'', Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [621], [[Routledge]], London and New York</ref>
* 1340-1358 - [[Jean Buridan]] develops the [[theory of impetus]]
* 1490 -  [[Leonardo da Vinci]] describes [[capillary action]]
* 1500-1528 - [[Al-Birjandi]] develops the theory of "circular [[inertia]]" to explain [[Earth's rotation]]<ref name=Ragep>F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", ''Science in Context'' '''14''' (1-2), p. 145–163. [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref>
* 1581 -  [[Galileo Galilei]] notices the timekeeping property of the [[pendulum]]
* 1589 -  Galileo Galilei uses balls rolling on inclined planes to show that different weights fall with the same acceleration
* 1638 -  Galileo Galilei publishes ''[[Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences]]''
* 1658 -  [[Christian Huygens]] experimentally discovers that balls placed anywhere inside an inverted [[cycloid]] reach the lowest point of the 	cycloid in the same time and thereby experimentally shows that the cycloid is the [[tautochrone]]
* 1668 -  [[John Wallis]] suggests the law of [[conservation of momentum]]
* 1676-1689 - [[Gottfried Leibniz]] develops the concept of ''vis viva'', a limited theory of [[conservation of energy]]-->

== चिरसम्मत यांत्रिकी का निर्माण (कई बार न्यूटनीय यांत्रिकी के रूप में निरुपित)==
* 1687 -  [[न्यूटन]] ने अपना ''[[प्रिंसिपिया]]'' प्रकाशित की, जिसमें [[न्यूटन के गति के नियम]] और [[न्यूटन का सार्वत्रिक गुरुत्वाकर्षण का सिद्धान्त]] प्रतिपादित (सूत्रबद्ध) किया।
<!--* 1690 -  [[James Bernoulli]] shows that the [[cycloid]] is the solution to the tautochrone problem
* 1691 -  [[Johann Bernoulli]] shows that a chain freely suspended from two points will form a [[catenary]]
* 1691 -  James Bernoulli shows that the catenary curve has the lowest [[center of gravity]] that any chain hung from two fixed points can have
* 1696 -  Johann Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the [[brachistochrone]] problem
* 1714 -  [[Brook Taylor]] derives the [[fundamental frequency]] of a stretched vibrating string in terms of its tension and mass per unit length by solving an ordinary [[differential equation]]
* 1733 -  [[Daniel Bernoulli]] derives the fundamental frequency and [[harmonic]]s of a hanging chain by solving an ordinary differential equation
* 1734 -  Daniel Bernoulli solves the ordinary differental equation for the vibrations of an elastic bar clamped at one end
* 1738 - Daniel Bernoulli examines [[fluid]] flow in Hydrodynamica
* 1739 -  [[Leonhard Euler]] solves the ordinary differential equation for a [[Harmonic oscillator#Driven_harmonic_oscillators|forced harmonic oscillator]] and notices the [[resonance]] phenomenon
* 1742 -  [[Colin Maclaurin]] discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating spheroids
* 1743 -  [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] publishes his "Traite de Dynamique", in which he introduces the concept of [[generalized forces]] for accelerating systems and systems with constraints
* 1747 -  [[Pierre Louis Maupertuis]] applies minimum principles to mechanics
* 1759 -  [[Leonhard Euler]] solves the partial differential equation for the vibration of a rectangular drum
* 1764 -  Leonhard Euler examines the partial differential equation for the vibration of a circular drum and finds one of the [[Bessel function]] solutions
* 1776 -  [[John Smeaton]] publishes a paper on experiments relating [[Power (physics)|power]], [[Mechanical work|work]], [[momentum]] and [[kinetic energy]], and supporting the conservation of energy
* 1788 -  [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] presents [[Lagrangian mechanics|Lagrange's equations of motion]] in ''Mécanique Analytique''
* 1789 -  [[Antoine Lavoisier]] states the law of [[conservation of mass]]
* 1813 -  [[Peter Ewart]] supports the idea of the conservation of energy in his paper ''On the measure of moving force''
* 1821 -  [[William Rowan Hamilton|William Hamilton]] begins his analysis of Hamilton's characteristic function
* 1834 -  [[Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi|Carl Jacobi]] discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating [[ellipsoid]]s
* 1834 -  [[John Scott Russell|John Russell]] observes a nondecaying solitary water wave ([[soliton]]) in the [[Union Canal (Scotland)|Union Canal]] near [[Edinburgh]] and uses a water tank to study the dependence of solitary water wave velocities on wave amplitude and water depth
* 1835 -  William Hamilton states [[Hamiltonian mechanics|Hamilton's canonical equations of motion]]
* 1835 -  [[Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis|Gaspard Coriolis]] examines theoretically the mechanical efficiency of waterwheels, and deduces the [[Coriolis effect]].
* 1841 -  [[Julius Robert von Mayer]], an [[amateur]] scientist, writes a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training leads to its rejection.
* 1842 -  [[Christian Doppler]] proposes the [[Doppler effect]]
* 1847 -  [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] formally states the law of conservation of energy
* 1851 -  [[Léon Foucault]] shows the Earth's rotation with a huge [[pendulum]] ([[Foucault pendulum]])
* 1902 -  [[James Jeans]] finds the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium-->

== सन्दर्भ ==
{{reflist}}

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