घनत्व का स्रोत देखें

[[चित्र:Artsy density column.png|right|thumb|150px|अलग-अलग घनत्व और अलग-अलग रंग के द्रव काँच के एक नलिका में रखे गये हैं। सबसे हल्का (सबसे कम घनत्व वाला)  द्रव सबसे ऊपर तथा सबसे भारी (सबसे अधिक घनत्व वाला) सबसे नीचे रहेगा।]]
[[भौतिक शास्त्र|भौतिकी]] में किसी पदार्थ के इकाई [[आयतन]] में निहित [[द्रव्यमान]] को उस पदार्थ का '''घनत्व''' (डेंसिटी) कहते हैं। इसे '''ρ''' या '''d''' से निरूपित करते हैं।

अर्थात 

: <math> \rho = \frac{m}{V}</math>

अतः घनत्व किसी पदार्थ के '''घनेपन''' की माप है। यह इंगित करता है कि कोई पदार्थ कितनी अच्छी तरह सजाया हुआ है। इसकी इकाई '''किग्रा प्रति घन मीटर होती है।

== घनत्वों की सारणी ==

=== विभिन्न पदार्थ ===
:''यहाँ कुछ चुने हुए [[रासायनिक तत्व]] सूचीकृत हैं। सभी रासायनिक तत्वों का घनत्व जानने के लिए [[रासायनिक तत्वों की सूची]] देखें।

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+विभिन्न पदार्थों के घनत्व 
|-
! पदार्थ
! ''ρ'' (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<ref group=note>Unless otherwise noted, all densities given are at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure]],<br>that is, {{convert|273.15|K|C|abbr=on|lk=in}} and {{convert|100|kPa|atm|3|abbr=on}}.</ref>
! class="unsortable" | टिप्पणियाँ
|-0.08988
| [[हाइड्रोजन]]                 || 0.0898 ||
|-
| [[हिलियम]]                   || 0.179  ||
|-
| [[एरोग्रेफाइट]]             || 0.2    || <ref group=note name=noair>Air contained in material excluded when calculating density</ref><ref>[http://phys.org/news/2012-07-carbon-nanotube-struructure-aerographite-lightest.html New carbon nanotube struructure aerographite is lightest material champ{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017064205/http://phys.org/news/2012-07-carbon-nanotube-struructure-aerographite-lightest.html |date=October 17, 2013 }}. Phys.org (July 13, 2012). Retrieved on July 14, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/aerographit-leichtestes-material-der-welt-entwickelt-a-843819.html Aerographit: Leichtestes Material der Welt entwickelt – SPIEGEL ONLINE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017083053/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/aerographit-leichtestes-material-der-welt-entwickelt-a-843819.html |date=October 17, 2013 }}. Spiegel.de (July 11, 2012). Retrieved on July 14, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Metallic microlattice]]    || 0.9    || <ref group=note name=noair/>
|-
| [[Aerogel]]                  || 1.0    || <ref group=note name=noair/>
|-
| [[वायु]]                      || 1.2    || समुद्र तल पर
|-
| [[टंगस्टन हेक्साफ्लोराइड]]    || 12.4   || मानक ताप और दाब पर सबसे अधिक घनत्व वाली ज्ञात गैसों में से एक
|-
| [[द्रव हाइड्रोजन]]          || 70     || At approx. −255&nbsp;°C
|-
| [[Expanded polystyrene|Styrofoam]]                || 75     || Approx.<ref name="madsci1">{{cite web |url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/mar2000/954534602.Ph.r.html |title=Re: which is more {{sic|bou|yant|nolink=y}} styrofoam or cork |publisher=Madsci.org |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214145901/http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/mar2000/954534602.Ph.r.html |archivedate=14 फ़रवरी 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Cork (material)|Cork]]     || 240    || Approx.<ref name="madsci1" />
|-
| [[Pine]]                     || 373    || <ref name="SerwayJewett2005">{{citation|author1=Raymond Serway|author2=John Jewett|title=Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaroJ5BNuZAC|year=2005|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0-534-49143-X|page=467|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517053840/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaroJ5BNuZAC|archivedate=May 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lithium]]                  || 535    ||
|-
| [[Wood]]                     || 700    || Seasoned, typical<ref name=wood0>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html |title=Wood Densities |accessdate=October 15, 2012 |work=www.engineeringtoolbox.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020065545/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html |archivedate=20 अक्तूबर 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=wood1>{{cite web |title=Density of Wood |url=http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_wood.htm |accessdate=October 15, 2012 |work=www.simetric.co.uk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026115734/http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_wood.htm |archivedate=26 अक्तूबर 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Oak]]                      || 710    || <ref name="SerwayJewett2005"/>
|-
| [[Potassium]]                || 860    || <ref name="crc2ed">CRC Press Handbook of tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd Edition, 1976, Table 1-59</ref> 
|-
| [[Ice]]                      || 916.7  || At temperature <&nbsp;0&nbsp;°C<!-- Sourced from the "Ice" page -->
|-
| [[Cooking oil]]              || 910–930 ||
|-
| [[Sodium]]                   || 970    ||
|-
| [[Water]] (fresh)            || 1,000  || At 4&nbsp;°C, the temperature of its maximum density
|-
| [[Water]] (salt)             || 1,030  || 3%
|-
| [[Liquid oxygen]]            || 1,141  || At approx. −219&nbsp;°C
|-
| [[Nylon]]                    || 1,150  ||
|-
| [[Plastics]]                 || 1,175  || Approx.; for [[polypropylene]] and [[PETE]]/[[PVC]]
|-
| [[Tetrachloroethene]]        || 1,622  ||
|-
| [[Magnesium]]                || 1,740  ||
|-
| [[Beryllium]]                || 1,850  ||
|-
| [[Glycerol]]                 || 1,261  || <ref>[http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Star/compos.pl?matno=174 glycerol composition at] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228142256/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Star/compos.pl?matno=174 |date=February 28, 2013 }}. Physics.nist.gov. Retrieved on July 14, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Concrete]]                 || 2,400  || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/KatrinaJones.shtml|title=Density of Concrete - The Physics Factbook|website=hypertextbook.com|access-date=16 जनवरी 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224135005/https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/KatrinaJones.shtml|archive-date=24 दिसंबर 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="YoungFreedman2012">Hugh D. Young; Roger A. Freedman. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YXznQEACAAJ University Physics with Modern Physics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430045329/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YXznQEACAAJ |date=April 30, 2016 }}''. Addison-Wesley; 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-321-69686-1}}. p. 374.</ref>
|-
| [[Silicon]]                  || 2,330  ||
|-
| [[Aluminium]]                || 2,700  ||
|-
| [[Diiodomethane]]            || 3,325  || Liquid at room temperature
|-
| [[Diamond]]                  || 3,500  ||
|-
| [[Titanium]]                 || 4,540  ||
|-
| [[Selenium]]                 || 4,800  ||
|-
| [[Vanadium]]                 || 6,100  ||
|-
| [[Antimony]]                 || 6,690  ||
|-
| [[Zinc]]                     || 7,000  ||
|-
| [[Chromium]]                 || 7,200  ||
|-
| [[Tin]]                      || 7,310  ||
|-
| [[Manganese]]                || 7,325  || Approx.
|-
| [[Iron]]                     || 7,870  ||
|-
| [[Niobium]]                  || 8,570  ||
|-
| [[Brass]]                    || 8,600  || <ref name="YoungFreedman2012"/>
|-
| [[Cadmium]]                  || 8,650  ||
|-
| [[Cobalt]]                   || 8,900  ||
|-
| [[Nickel]]                   || 8,900  ||
|-
| [[Copper]]                   || 8,940  ||
|-
| [[Bismuth]]                  || 9,750  ||
|-
| [[Molybdenum]]               || 10,220 ||
|-
| [[Silver]]                   || 10,500 ||
|-
| [[Lead]]                     || 11,340 ||
|-
| [[Thorium]]                  || 11,700 ||
|-
| [[Rhodium]]                  || 12,410 ||
|-
| [[पारा|Mercury]]|| 13,546 ||
|-
| [[Tantalum]]                 || 16,600  ||
|-
| [[Uranium]]                  || 18,800  ||
|-
| [[Tungsten]]                 || 19,300  ||
|-
| [[सोना|स्वर्ण]]                     || 19,320  ||
|-
| [[Plutonium]]                || 19,840  ||
|-
| [[Rhenium]]                  || 21,020  ||
|-
| [[Platinum]]                 || 21,450  ||
|-
| [[Iridium]]                  || 22,420  ||
|-
| [[ऑस्मियम]]                   || 22,570  ||
|-
! <!-- This is a header to stop the notes sorting; this is horrendous --> colspan=3 style="background-color:#f9f9f9; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" | Notes:
{{reflist|group=note}}
|}
{{Clear}}

=== अन्य ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Entity
! ''ρ'' (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| [[Interstellar medium]]  || data-sort-value="0.0000000000000000001" | {{val|1|e=-19}} || Assuming 90% H, 10% He; variable T
|-
| The [[Earth]]            || 5,515 || Mean density.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+the+earth |title=Density of the Earth |publisher=wolframalpha.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051437/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+the+earth |archivedate=17 अक्तूबर 2013 |df=mdy-all |access-date=16 जनवरी 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Earth's inner core]] || 13,000 || Approx., as listed in [[Earth]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+earth%27s+core |title=Density of Earth's core |publisher=wolframalpha.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051441/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+earth%27s+core |archivedate=17 अक्तूबर 2013 |df=mdy-all |access-date=16 जनवरी 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| The core of the [[सूर्य|Sun]]  || 33,000–160,000 || Approx.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+sun%27s+core |title=Density of the Sun's core |publisher=wolframalpha.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051337/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=density+of+sun%27s+core |archivedate=17 अक्तूबर 2013 |df=mdy-all |access-date=16 जनवरी 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Supermassive black hole|Super-massive black hole]] || {{val|9|e=5}} || Density of a 4.5-million-solar-mass black hole<br />[[Event horizon]] radius is 13.5 million km.
|-
| [[White dwarf]] star     || {{val|2.1|e=9}} || Approx.<ref name="osln">[http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~jaj/Ast162/lectures/notesWL22.pdf Extreme Stars: White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925204453/http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~jaj/Ast162/lectures/notesWL22.pdf |date=September 25, 2007 }}, Jennifer Johnson, lecture notes, Astronomy 162, [[Ohio State University]]. Accessed: May 3, 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Atomic nuclei]]        || {{val|2.3|e=17}} || Does not depend strongly on size of nucleus<ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/Nuclear/nucuni.html Nuclear Size and Density] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706034134/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/nucuni.html |date=July 6, 2009 }}, HyperPhysics, Georgia State University. Accessed: June 26, 2009.</ref>
|-
| [[Neutron star]]         || {{val|1|e=18}} ||
|-
| Stellar-mass [[black hole]] || {{val|1|e=18}} || Density of a 4-solar-mass black hole<br /> [[Event horizon]] radius is 12&nbsp;km.
|}

=== जल ===
{{See also|Water (molecule)#Density of water and ice|l1=Water density}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Density of liquid water at 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] pressure
|-
! Temp. (°C)<ref group=note>Values below 0&nbsp;°C refer to [[supercooling|supercooled]] water.</ref>
! Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)
|-
| −30 || 983.854
|-
| −20 || 993.547
|-
| −10 || 998.117
|-
| 0   || 999.8395
|-
| 4   || 999.9720
|-
| 10  || 999.7026
|-
| 15  || 999.1026
|-
| 20  || 998.2071
|-
| 22  || 997.7735
|-
| 25  || 997.0479
|-
| 30  || 995.6502
|-
| 40  || 992.2
|-
| 60  || 983.2
|-
| 80  || 971.8
|-
| 100 || 958.4
|-
|colspan=2 |Notes:
{{reflist|group=note}}
|}

=== वायु ===
{{Main article|Density of air}}
[[File:Air density vs temperature.svg|thumb|right|400px|Air density ''vs.'' temperature]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Density of air at 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] pressure
|-
! ''T'' (°C)
! ''ρ'' (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)
|-
| −25 || 1.423
|-
| −20 || 1.395
|-
| −15 || 1.368
|-
| −10 || 1.342
|-
| −5  || 1.316
|-
|  0  || 1.293
|-
|  5  || 1.269
|-
|  10 || 1.247
|-
|  15 || 1.225
|-
|  20 || 1.204
|-
|  25 || 1.184
|-
|  30 || 1.164
|-
|  35 || 1.146
|}
{{Clear}}

=== तत्वों के द्रव एवं ठोस प्रावस्थाओं के मोलर आयतन  ===
[[File:Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements.jpg|thumb|left|1000px|Molar volumes of liquid and solid]]

{{Clear}}

==इन्हें भी देखें==
* [[आवेश घनत्व]]
* [[उत्प्लावन बल]]
* [[जनसंख्या घनत्व]] (Population density)

== बाहरी कड़ियाँ ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080505011613/http://www.science.co.il/PTelements.asp?s=Density [[आवर्त सारणी]] के तत्वों की घनत्व के क्रम में सूची]

[[श्रेणी:भौतिकी]]
[[श्रेणी:घनत्व|*]]